Birds eavesdrop on plant indirect defenses to locate insect preys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Hiltpold Ivan Hiltpold
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defenses

scholarly journals Tomato Below Ground–Above Ground Interactions: Trichoderma longibrachiatum Affects the Performance of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Its Natural Antagonists

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Battaglia ◽  
Simone Bossi ◽  
Pasquale Cascone ◽  
Maria Cristina Digilio ◽  
Juliana Duran Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Species Specific

Below ground and above ground plant–insect–microorganism interactions are complex and regulate most of the developmental responses of important crop plants such as tomato. We investigated the influence of root colonization by a nonmycorrhizal plant-growth-promoting fungus on direct and indirect defenses of tomato plant against aphids. The multitrophic system included the plant Solanum lycopersicum (‘San Marzano nano’), the root-associated biocontrol fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain MK1, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (a tomato pest), the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, and the aphid predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Laboratory bioassays were performed to assess the effect of T. longibrachiatum MK1, interacting with the tomato plant, on quantity and quality of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by tomato plant, aphid development and reproduction, parasitoid behavior, and predator behavior and development. When compared with the uncolonized controls, plants whose roots were colonized by T. longibrachiatum MK1 showed quantitative differences in the release of specific VOC, better aphid population growth indices, a higher attractiveness toward the aphid parasitoid and the aphid predator, and a quicker development of aphid predator. These findings support the development of novel strategies of integrated control of aphid pests. The species-specific or strain-specific characteristics of these below ground–above ground interactions remain to be assessed.

scholarly journals Polyphenol-Rich Purple Corn Pericarp Extract Adversely Impacts Herbivore Growth and Development

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandeep Tayal ◽  
Pavel Somavat ◽  
Isabella Rodriguez ◽  
Tina Thomas ◽  
Bradley Christoffersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Purple Corn

Plant secondary metabolites such as terpenes, phenolics, glycosides, and alkaloids play various functional roles including pigmentation, foliar and floral volatile synthesis, hormonal regulation, and direct and indirect defenses. Among these, phenolic compounds are commonly found in plants, but vary in the distribution of their specific compounds among plant families. Polyphenols, including anthocyanins and tannins, are widely distributed and have been well documented for their roles- primarily in plant pigmentation and also in plant defenses. However, commercialization of such compounds for use in insect pest management is severely hampered by expensive, inefficient, and time-consuming extraction protocols. Using a recently developed inexpensive and easy extraction method using the byproducts of pigmented (purple) corn processing, we examined whether the crude pericarp extract rich in polyphenols can affect the growth and development of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta L.) caterpillars. Our findings show that purple corn pericarp extract negatively affected M. sexta egg hatching and larval mass gain and prolonged developmental time compared to regular yellow corn extract or an artificial control diet. We also found that these effects were more severe during the early stages of caterpillar development. These results conclusively demonstrate that purple corn pericarp, an inexpensive by-product of the corn milling industry, is a valuable product with excellent potential as an insect antifeedant.

Indirect Defenses

Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 308 (5729) ◽  
pp. 1709i-1709i
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defenses

Root symbionts: Powerful drivers of plant above- and belowground indirect defenses

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 947-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Rasmann ◽  
Alison Bennett ◽  
Arjen Biere ◽  
Alison Karley ◽  
Emilio Guerrieri
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Root Symbionts

scholarly journals VOCs-Mediated Location of Olive Fly Larvae by the Braconid ParasitoidPsyttalia concolor: A Multivariate Comparison among VOC Bouquets from Three Olive Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Giunti ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Giuseppe Conte ◽  
Marcello Mele ◽  
Giovanni Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
Psyttalia Concolor

Herbivorous activity induces plant indirect defenses, as the emission of herbivorous-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which could be used by parasitoids for host location.Psyttalia concoloris a larval pupal endoparasitoid, attacking a number of tephritid flies includingB. oleae.In this research, we investigated the olfactory cues routing host location behavior ofP. concolortowardsB. oleaelarvae infesting three different olive cultivars. VOCs from infested and healthy fruits were identified using GC-MS analyses. In two-choice behavioral assays,P. concolorfemales preferred infested olive cues, which also evoked ovipositional probing by female wasps. GC-MS analysis showed qualitative and quantitative differences among volatiles emitted by infested and healthy olives. Volatile emissions were peculiar for each cultivar analyzed. Two putative HIPVs were detected in infested fruits, regardless of the cultivar, the monoterpene (E)-β-ocimene, and the sesquiterpene (E-E)-α-farnesene. Our study adds basic knowledge to the behavioral ecology ofP. concolor. From an applied point of view, the field application of the above-mentioned VOCs may help to enhance effectiveness of biological control programs and parasitoid mass-rearing techniques.

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