Agricultural Production and Access to Energy in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Otávio Freitas ◽  
Mateus C. R. Neves ◽  
Felipe de Figueiredo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Positive Effect

In this paper, we explore the link between energy and agricultural production in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. The economic literature and policy reports, discussed here, indicate that access to energy (electricity) has a positive effect on agricultural production. To test this hypothesis, we look at the agricultural census and national survey to estimate the effect of energy use on the value of production using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. We found that, in the three countries, access to energy increases the value of agricultural production.

scholarly journals Estimating the Impact of Poverty Alleviation Microcredit on the Income of Poor Households Using the Propensity Score Matching Method: Evidence from China

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Jie Yu ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
Baozhen Chen ◽  
Jinzheng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Method Evidence ◽  
Implementation Effect ◽  
The Impact

The poverty alleviation microcredit policy is an important financial poverty alleviation policy that has been widely implemented in China in recent years. However, whether this policy can effectively increase the income of poor households is controversial. In order to measure the implementation effect of the policy, we analyzed the mechanism of the poverty alleviation microcredit on the income of poor households. Then, the paper used micro-survey data to conduct an empirical test using the propensity score matching method to study its effect on the production income of these poor households. The results show that the poverty alleviation microcredit positively affects the production income of poor households, including those who are poor due to lack of funds and poor households with female heads. Therefore, we should continue to implement the poverty alleviation microcredit policy, and establish relevant supporting measures, such as strengthening agricultural production capital subsidies, increasing agricultural production insurance, further improving the implementation efficiency of the poverty alleviation microcredit policy, and increasing the income of poor households.

scholarly journals Agricultural Contracts and Alternative Marketing Options: A Matching Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ani L. Katchova
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Market Power ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Spot Markets ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Price Competitiveness ◽  
Production Contracts ◽  
Price Differences

The increasing use of agricultural contracts and processor concentration raises concerns that processors may offer lower contract prices in absence of local competition. This study examines the price competitiveness of marketing and production contracts depending on the availability of alternative marketing options. A propensity score matching method is used to compare prices using contract data from a farm-level national survey. The results show that the absence of other contractors or spot markets in producers' areas does not lead to statistically significant price differences in agricultural contracts for most commodities, providing evidence that most agricultural processors do not exercise market power by reducing prices when other local buyers are not available.

scholarly journals The Sky Is Not Flat: How Discriminatory Is the Access to International Air Services?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Piermartini ◽  
Linda Rousová
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using information on 2,300 Air Services Agreements covering 184 countries, we investigate the impact of air services liberalization on passenger flows. We find that a certain level of liberalization is required to have a positive effect on passenger traffic. In particular, we estimate that the multilateralization of multiple designation provisions, Open Skies Agreements and European Economic Area-type agreements would increase passenger traffic worldwide by 0.5, 5, and 10 percent, respectively. The potential endogeneity problem is carefully dealt with using instrumental variables and propensity score matching. (JEL F13, L51, L93, L98, R41)

scholarly journals Household access to agricultural credit and agricultural production in Nigeria: A propensity score matching model

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romanus Osabohien ◽  
Eze Osuagwu ◽  
Evans Osabuohien ◽  
Uche Eseosa Ekhator-Mobayode ◽  
Oluwatoyin Matthew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Farm Inputs

Background: Agricultural production is low in Nigeria as a result of low utilisation of farm inputs facilitated by farmers’ inability to save and invest. Therefore, credit is needed by farmers to enhance their productive capacity and efficiency in agriculture.Aim: Given the importance of credit to farmers, this study examined the nexus between households’ access to credit and agricultural production in Nigeria.Setting: The study made use of data from the Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) consisting of 4210 households across the 36 states in Nigeria, as well as the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.Methods: The study employs the propensity score matching (PSM) technique.Results: The main result from the study suggests that households who had access to agricultural credit facilities had yields that are thrice those of their counterparts who did not benefit from such facilities. In the event of a shock, the farmers who did not have a source of credit are often forced to adopt measures such as lowering consumption and selling assets, which in the long run worsen their poverty levels.Conclusion: The study recommends that policymakers should address underlying factors that prevent access to credit for agricultural production, which is capable of raising the productive capacities of farmers.

scholarly journals Gifted and Talented Services for EFL Learners in China: A Step-by-Step Guide to Propensity Score Matching Analysis in R

Data ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Shifang Tang ◽  
Fuhui Tong ◽  
Xiuhong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
English Language ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Propensity Score Matching Analysis ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Positive Effect

We sought to quantify the effectiveness of a gifted and talented (GT) program, as was provided to university students who demonstrated a talent for learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in China. To do so, we used propensity score matching (PSM) techniques to analyze data collected from a tier-1 university where an English talent (ET) program was provided. Specifically, we provided (a) a step-by-step guide of PSM analysis using the R analytical package, (b) the codes for PSM analysis and visualization, and (c) the final analysis of baseline equivalence and treatment effect based on the matching sample. Collectively, the results of descriptive statistics, visualization, and baseline equivalence indicate that PSM is an effective matching technique for generating an unbiased counterfactual analysis. Moreover, the ET program yields a statistically significant, positive effect on ET students’ English language proficiency.

scholarly journals Indicadores educacionais e responsabilização escolar: um estudo do “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (69) ◽  
pp. 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Campelo Koslinski ◽  
Eduardo Ribeiro ◽  
Luisa Xavier de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Educational Indicators ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>O artigo focaliza o impacto do uso do Indicador de Desempenho Escolar – Alfabetização (IDE-Alfa) pela política “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez” do estado do Ceará, empregado para estabelecer pontos de corte para premiação e apoio financeiro para escolas públicas. Utilizam-se os métodos de Propensity Score Matching e regressões múltiplas para observar o efeito da política sobre desempenho, equidade e taxa de participação dos alunos na avaliação externa da alfabetização das escolas premiadas e apoiadas de 2009 a 2011, com base nos resultados do Índice de Desempenho Escolar no 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental (IDE-Alfa) de 2008 a 2010. Os resultados das análises sugerem um efeito positivo no desempenho, equidade e taxa de participação das escolas premiadas e no desempenho das escolas com características similares às premiadas. Para as escolas apoiadas, foram observados efeitos significativos positivos somente para a taxa de participação na avaliação externa do estado do Ceará.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Indicadores Educacionais; Responsabilização; Políticas Educacionais; Bonificação Salarial.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indicadores educacionales y responsabilización escolar: un estudio del “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”</strong></p><p>El artículo enfoca el impacto del uso del Indicador de Desempeño Escolar – Alfabetización (IDE-Alfa) por la política “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez” del estado de Ceará, utilizado para establecer puntos de corte para premiación y apoyo financiero a escuelas públicas. Se emplean los métodos de Propensity Score Matching y regresiones múltiples para observar el efecto de la política sobre desempeño, equidad e índice de participación de los alumnos en la evaluación externa de la alfabetización de las escuelas premiadas y apoyadas del 2009 al 2011, en base a los resultados del Índice de Desempeño Escolar en el 2º año de Educación Fundamental (IDE-Alfa) del 2008 al 2010. Los resultados de los análisis sugieren un efecto positivo en el desempeño, equidad e índice de participación de las escuelas premiadas y en el desempeño de las escuelas con características similares a las premiadas. Para las escuelas apoyadas, se observaron efectos significativos positivos tan solo para el índice de participación en la evaluación externa del estado de Ceará.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Indicadores Educacionales; Responsabilización; Políticas Educacionales; Bonificación Salarial.</p><p>  </p><p><strong>Educational indicators and school accountability: a study about the “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”</strong></p><p>The paper focuses on the impact of the use of the School Performance Index – Literacy (IDE-Alfa) by the “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”, a policy of the State of Ceará, that establishes cut-off points to award and to allocate financial support to public schools. It uses the Propensity Score Matching and multiple regressions methods to observe the effects of the reward/financial support on school performance, equity, and student participation rate on the external assessment of schools awarded and supported from 2009 to 2011, based on schools´ Index of school Performance results (IDE-Alfa) from 2008 to 2010. The results suggest a positive effect on the performance, equity and participation rate of the awarded schools and a smaller, but also positive, effect on performance of the schools with similar characteristics to the awarded ones. The results show a statistically significant impact only on the participation rate of the schools that received financial support.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Educational Indicators; Accountability; Educational Policies; Salary Bonuses.</p>

Besondere Förderung von Kern- kompetenzen an Spezialgymnasien?

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Baumert ◽  
Michael Becker ◽  
Marko Neumann ◽  
Roumiana Nikolova
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching

Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob Schülerinnen und Schüler, die nach der vierten Klasse in Berlin in ein grundständiges Gymnasium wechseln, in Abhängigkeit vom Profil des besuchten Gymnasiums im Vergleich zu Grundschülern mit vergleichbaren Lernvoraussetzungen unterschiedliche Lernzuwächse im Leseverständnis, in Mathematik und Englisch erreichen. Auf der Datengrundlage der ELEMENT-Studie wurde die Leistungsentwicklung von Schülerinnen und Schülern an grundständigen Gymnasien (N = 1758) und Grundschulen (N = 3169) während der 5. und 6. Jahrgangsstufe mithilfe von Propensity Score Matching-Analysen (PSM) modelliert. Nach Kontrolle von leistungsrelevanten Unterschieden zwischen den Schülergruppen am Ende der 4. Jahrgangsstufe zeigten sich für das Leseverständnis am Ende der 6. Klasse keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Für die Mathematikleistung ließen sich Unterschiede lediglich zugunsten eines grundständigen Gymnasiums, das zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt noch kein spezifisches Profil entwickelt hatte, nachweisen. In der Domäne Englisch, in der die curricularen Unterschiede zwischen den Schulzweigen stärker akzentuiert sind, wurden positive Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu den Grundschulen für die so genannten Schnellläuferzüge, die englisch-bilingualen Klassen und das grundständige Gymnasium ohne spezifisches Profil ermittelt. Die Lernstände am Ende der 6. Klasse in den altsprachlichen Gymnasien fielen dagegen im Vergleich zu den Grundschulen geringer aus. Die Befunde widersprechen der Annahme, dass mit dem frühen Übergang auf ein grundständiges Gymnasium automatisch eine besondere Förderung der Lesefähigkeit und des mathematischen Verständnisses besonders leistungsfähiger Schülerinnen und Schüler erreicht werde. Die Ergebnisse zu den Englischleistungen weisen hingegen darauf hin, dass Unterschiede in der Leistungsentwicklung auftreten können, sofern die Aufteilung auf Schulen mit unterschiedlichen Bildungsprogrammen mit curricularen Unterschieden im Unterricht einhergeht. Methodische und inhaltliche Implikationen der Befunde und Grenzen ihrer Generalisierbarkeit werden diskutiert.

Validating Four Standard Scales in Spiritually Practicing and Nonpracticing Samples Using Propensity Score Matching

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niko Kohls ◽  
Harald Walach
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Social Support Scale ◽  
Lower Test

Validation studies of standard scales in the particular sample that one is studying are essential for accurate conclusions. We investigated the differences in answering patterns of the Brief-Symptom-Inventory (BSI), Transpersonal Trust Scale (TPV), Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC), and a Social Support Scale (F-SoZu) for a matched sample of spiritually practicing (SP) and nonpracticing (NSP) individuals at two measurement points (t1, t2). Applying a sample matching procedure based on propensity scores, we selected two sociodemographically balanced subsamples of N = 120 out of a total sample of N = 431. Employing repeated measures ANOVAs, we found an intersample difference in means only for TPV and an intrasample difference for F-SoZu. Additionally, a group × time interaction effect was found for TPV. While Cronbach’s α was acceptable and comparable for both samples, a significantly lower test-rest-reliability for the BSI was found in the SP sample (rSP = .62; rNSP = .78). Thus, when researching the effects of spiritual practice, one should not only look at differences in means but also consider time stability. We recommend propensity score matching as an alternative for randomization in variables that defy experimental manipulation such as spirituality.

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