scholarly journals The Sky Is Not Flat: How Discriminatory Is the Access to International Air Services?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Piermartini ◽  
Linda Rousová
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using information on 2,300 Air Services Agreements covering 184 countries, we investigate the impact of air services liberalization on passenger flows. We find that a certain level of liberalization is required to have a positive effect on passenger traffic. In particular, we estimate that the multilateralization of multiple designation provisions, Open Skies Agreements and European Economic Area-type agreements would increase passenger traffic worldwide by 0.5, 5, and 10 percent, respectively. The potential endogeneity problem is carefully dealt with using instrumental variables and propensity score matching. (JEL F13, L51, L93, L98, R41)

scholarly journals Risk of hospitalization and risk of death for healthcare workers with COVID-19 in nine European Union/European Economic Area countries, January 2020–January 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Ferland ◽  
Joana Gomes Dias ◽  
Carlos Carvalho ◽  
Cornelia Adlhoch ◽  
Carl Suetens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractWe assessed the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers (HCWs) from data on 2.9 million cases reported from nine countries in the EU/EEA. Compared to non-HCWs, HCWs had a higher adjusted risk of hospitalization (IRR 3.0 [95% CI 2.2-4.0]), but not death (IRR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-2.0).Article Summary LineHealthcare workers are hospitalized more frequently than non-healthcare workers when adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities.

scholarly journals Forecasting the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital demand and deaths for the USA and European Economic Area countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher JL Murray
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Excess Demand ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Utilisation Data ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundHospitals need to plan for the surge in demand in each state or region in the United States and the European Economic Area (EEA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Planners need forecasts of the most likely trajectory in the coming weeks and will want to plan for the higher values in the range of those forecasts. To date, forecasts of what is most likely to occur in the weeks ahead are not available for states in the USA or for all countries in the EEA.MethodsThis study used data on confirmed COVID-19 deaths by day from local and national government websites and WHO. Data on hospital capacity and utilisation and observed COVID-19 utilisation data from select locations were obtained from publicly available sources and direct contributions of data from select local governments. We develop a mixed effects non-linear regression framework to estimate the trajectory of the cumulative and daily death rate as a function of the implementation of social distancing measures, supported by additional evidence from mobile phone data. An extended mixture model was used in data rich settings to capture asymmetric daily death patterns. Health service needs were forecast using a micro-simulation model that estimates hospital admissions, ICU admissions, length of stay, and ventilator need using available data on clinical practices in COVID-19 patients. We assume that those jurisdictions that have not implemented school closures, non-essential business closures, and stay at home orders will do so within twenty-one days.FindingsCompared to licensed capacity and average annual occupancy rates, excess demand in the USA from COVID-19 at the estimated peak of the epidemic (the end of the second week of April) is predicted to be 9,079 (95% UI 253–61,937) total beds and 9,356 (3,526–29,714) ICU beds. At the peak of the epidemic, ventilator use is predicted to be 16,545 (8,083–41,991). The corresponding numbers for EEA countries are 120,080 (119,183–121,107), 32,291 (32,157– 32,425) and 28,973 (28,868–29,085) at a peak of April 6. The date of peak daily deaths varies from March 30 through May 12 by state in the USA and March 27 through May 4 by country in the EEA. We estimate that through the end of July, there will be 60,308 (34,063–140,381) deaths from COVID-19 in the USA and 143,088 (101,131–253,163) deaths in the EEA. Deaths from COVID-19 are estimated to drop below 0.3 per million between May 4 and June 29 by state in the USA and between May 4 and July 13 by country in the EEA. Timing of the peak need for hospital resource requirements varies considerably across states in the USA and across regions of Europe.InterpretationIn addition to a large number of deaths from COVID-19, the epidemic will place a load on health system resources well beyond the current capacity of hospitals in the USA and EEA to manage, especially for ICU care and ventilator use. These estimates can help inform the development and implementation of strategies to mitigate this gap, including reducing non-COVID-19 demand for services and temporarily increasing system capacity. The estimated excess demand on hospital systems is predicated on the enactment of social distancing measures within three weeks in all locations that have not done so already and maintenance of these measures throughout the epidemic, emphasising the importance of implementing, enforcing, and maintaining these measures to mitigate hospital system overload and prevent deaths.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the state of Washington

Part B Merger, Reorganization, and Insolvency of Banks, 12 Cross-Border Reorganization and Winding Up of Banks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proctor Charles
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institution ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Credit Institutions

This chapter focuses on the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Reorganisation and Winding up of Credit Institutions. It discusses the scope of the Directive; the impact of the Directive in the context of the reorganization or winding up of an EU credit institution; the consequences of the Directive in relation to the insolvency of institutions established outside the European Economic Area (EEA); and the assistance which the English courts may provide to the liquidator or receiver of a foreign financial institution.

scholarly journals Indicadores educacionais e responsabilização escolar: um estudo do “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (69) ◽  
pp. 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Campelo Koslinski ◽  
Eduardo Ribeiro ◽  
Luisa Xavier de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Educational Indicators ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>O artigo focaliza o impacto do uso do Indicador de Desempenho Escolar – Alfabetização (IDE-Alfa) pela política “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez” do estado do Ceará, empregado para estabelecer pontos de corte para premiação e apoio financeiro para escolas públicas. Utilizam-se os métodos de Propensity Score Matching e regressões múltiplas para observar o efeito da política sobre desempenho, equidade e taxa de participação dos alunos na avaliação externa da alfabetização das escolas premiadas e apoiadas de 2009 a 2011, com base nos resultados do Índice de Desempenho Escolar no 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental (IDE-Alfa) de 2008 a 2010. Os resultados das análises sugerem um efeito positivo no desempenho, equidade e taxa de participação das escolas premiadas e no desempenho das escolas com características similares às premiadas. Para as escolas apoiadas, foram observados efeitos significativos positivos somente para a taxa de participação na avaliação externa do estado do Ceará.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Indicadores Educacionais; Responsabilização; Políticas Educacionais; Bonificação Salarial.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indicadores educacionales y responsabilización escolar: un estudio del “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”</strong></p><p>El artículo enfoca el impacto del uso del Indicador de Desempeño Escolar – Alfabetización (IDE-Alfa) por la política “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez” del estado de Ceará, utilizado para establecer puntos de corte para premiación y apoyo financiero a escuelas públicas. Se emplean los métodos de Propensity Score Matching y regresiones múltiples para observar el efecto de la política sobre desempeño, equidad e índice de participación de los alumnos en la evaluación externa de la alfabetización de las escuelas premiadas y apoyadas del 2009 al 2011, en base a los resultados del Índice de Desempeño Escolar en el 2º año de Educación Fundamental (IDE-Alfa) del 2008 al 2010. Los resultados de los análisis sugieren un efecto positivo en el desempeño, equidad e índice de participación de las escuelas premiadas y en el desempeño de las escuelas con características similares a las premiadas. Para las escuelas apoyadas, se observaron efectos significativos positivos tan solo para el índice de participación en la evaluación externa del estado de Ceará.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Indicadores Educacionales; Responsabilización; Políticas Educacionales; Bonificación Salarial.</p><p>  </p><p><strong>Educational indicators and school accountability: a study about the “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”</strong></p><p>The paper focuses on the impact of the use of the School Performance Index – Literacy (IDE-Alfa) by the “Prêmio Escola Nota Dez”, a policy of the State of Ceará, that establishes cut-off points to award and to allocate financial support to public schools. It uses the Propensity Score Matching and multiple regressions methods to observe the effects of the reward/financial support on school performance, equity, and student participation rate on the external assessment of schools awarded and supported from 2009 to 2011, based on schools´ Index of school Performance results (IDE-Alfa) from 2008 to 2010. The results suggest a positive effect on the performance, equity and participation rate of the awarded schools and a smaller, but also positive, effect on performance of the schools with similar characteristics to the awarded ones. The results show a statistically significant impact only on the participation rate of the schools that received financial support.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Educational Indicators; Accountability; Educational Policies; Salary Bonuses.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of B Corp Certification on Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7191
Author(s):  
Valerie Paelman ◽  
Philippe Van Cauwenberge ◽  
Heidi Vander Bauwhede
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

We empirically test whether B Corp certification affects the short- and medium-term growth rates of sustainable enterprises. These businesses are growing in popularity and prevalence but, due to their hybrid nature, often suffer from external credibility issues and competing internal logics. Because of the rigorous and time-involving audit procedure, B Corp certification potentially sends a credible signal about the sustainable nature of the enterprise to its stakeholders. In addition, the B Corp label could help to straighten out internal tensions and align the company towards its dual purpose. Hence, B Corp certification could contribute to company success. We observe 129 firms that were certified between 2013 and 2018 over a period between six years prior and five years post-certification. Using propensity score matching, we identify 129 non-certified matching companies. On this sample, we conduct a difference-in-differences panel regression analysis to investigate the effect of certification. Our dataset allows us to study how the effects of B Corp certification evolve over time, which was previously untested. Our study documents a positive effect of B Corp certification on turnover growth and also that this effect increases with the time since certification, implying that certification requires some time for its full effect to become apparent.

scholarly journals Impact of Multidisciplinary Stroke Post-Acute Care on Cost and Functional Status: A Prospective Study Based on Propensity Score Matching

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Chong-Chi Chiu ◽  
Jhi-Joung Wang ◽  
Chao-Ming Hung ◽  
Hsiu-Fen Lin ◽  
Hong-Hsi Hsien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Acute Care

Few papers discuss how the economic burden of patients with stroke receiving rehabilitation courses is related to post-acute care (PAC) programs. This is the first study to explore the economic burden of stroke patients receiving PAC rehabilitation and to evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary PAC programs on cost and functional status simultaneously. A total of 910 patients with stroke between March 2014 and October 2018 were separated into a PAC group (at two medical centers) and a non-PAC group (at three regional hospitals and one district hospital) by using propensity score matching (1:1). A cost–illness approach was employed to identify the cost categories for analysis in this study according to various perspectives. Total direct medical cost in the per-diem-based PAC cohort was statistically lower than that in the fee-for-service-based non-PAC cohort (p < 0.001) and annual per-patient economic burden of stroke patients receiving PAC rehabilitation is approximately US $354.3 million (in 2019, NT $30.5 = US $1). Additionally, the PAC cohort had statistical improvement in functional status vis-à-vis the non-PAC cohort and total score of each functional status before rehabilitation and was also statistically significant with its total score after one-year rehabilitation training (p < 0.001). Early stroke rehabilitation is important for restoring health, confidence, and safe-care abilities in these patients. Compared to the current stroke rehabilitation system, PAC rehabilitation shortened the waiting time for transfer to the rehabilitation ward and it was indicated as an efficient policy for treatment of stroke in saving medical cost and improving functional status.

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