scholarly journals Young Adult E-cigarette Use and Retail Exposure in 6 US Metropolitan Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Carla J Berg ◽  
Xuejing Duan ◽  
Betelihem Getachew ◽  
Kim Pulvers ◽  
Natalie D. Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Age Verification ◽  
Vape Shops

Objectives: Given the need to understand e-cigarette retail and its impact, we examined so- ciodemographic, tobacco and marijuana use, and e-cigarette retail experiences as correlates of (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use, (2) past 30-day advertising/media exposure, and (3) point-of-sale age verification among young adults. Methods: We analyzed baseline survey data (September- December, 2018) among 3006 young adults (ages 18-34) in 6 metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle) in a 2-year longitudinal study. Results: In this sample (Mage = 24.6, 42.3% male, 71.6% white, 11.4% Hispanic), 37.7% (N = 1133) were past 30-day e-cigarette users; 68.6% (N = 2062; non-users: 66.0%, users: 72.9%) reported past 30-day e-cigarette-related advertising/media exposure. Among e-cigarette users, vape shops were the most common source of e-cigarettes (44.7%) followed by online (18.2%). Among users, 34.2% were "almost always" asked for age verification. In multilevel logistic regression, e-cigarette use and advertising/media exposure were correlated (and both correlated with being younger). E- cigarette use also correlated with other tobacco product and marijuana use (and being male and white). Infrequent age verification correlated with commonly purchasing e-cigarettes online (and being older and black). Conclusions: Increased efforts are needed to reduce young adult advertising/media exposure and increase retailer compliance among retailers, particularly online and vape shops.

School Leavers With Verified Disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 327-366
Author(s):  
Helena Stark
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Youth Engagement ◽  
Transition Outcomes ◽  
Employment Rates

Globally, young adult employment rates have declined in the 21st century. In Australia, youth from non-metropolitan areas have a lower engagement rate in employment than their metropolitan peers, despite one rarely hearing declarations from school leavers that they aim to be unemployed and never work. This chapter investigates transition outcomes for young adults from a non-metropolitan area through a small retrospective study. The purpose is to identify influences that may impact youth engagement in employment or training for school leavers in a small town, and that may be dissimilar from influences affecting their metropolitan counterparts. Research also focuses on the influences affecting transition to employment for school leavers with verified disabilities in non-metropolitan areas and what barriers they experience to accessing employment or study.

scholarly journals Young adults’ vaping, readiness to quit, and recent quit attempts: The role of co-use with cigarettes and marijuana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J Berg ◽  
Xuejing Duan ◽  
Katelyn Romm ◽  
Kim Pulvers ◽  
Daisy Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
User Profiles ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Readiness To Quit

Abstract Introduction E-cigarette cessation intervention research is limited. Young adult e-cigarette use and cessation is particularly nuanced, given various user profiles (i.e., polytobacco use, co-use with marijuana) warranting different intervention approaches. Methods The current study is an analysis of baseline survey data (collected September-December, 2018) among 1,133 young adult (ages 18-34) e-cigarette users in a 2-year longitudinal study. We examined: 1) e-cigarette user profiles (i.e., e-cigarette only; e-cigarette/other tobacco; e-cigarette/marijuana; e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana); and 2) correlates of readiness to quit e-cigarette use in the next 6 months and past-year e-cigarette quit attempts. Results In this sample (Mage=23.91, 47.3% male, 35.5% sexual minority, 75.2% White, 13.7% Hispanic), e-cigarette user profiles were: 16.8% e-cigarettes-only, 23.4% e-cigarette/other tobacco, 18.0% e-cigarette/marijuana, and 41.8% e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana. Multinomial logistic regression (referent: e-cigarette-only use) indicated that all polyuse groups were more likely to use high-nicotine e-liquids (containing ≥9 mg of nicotine). Other predictors included: e-cigarettes/other tobacco users being older and male; e-cigarettes/marijuana users using closed systems; and e-cigarettes/other tobacco/marijuana users being sexual minority (p’s<.01). Readiness to quit e-cigarettes and past-year quit attempts were reported by 20.8% and 32.3%, respectively. Per multilevel regression, readiness to quit and quit attempts correlated with using fewer days, high-nicotine e-liquids, and closed systems, but not marijuana, as well as being heterosexual and Black (vs. White); readiness to quit also correlated with being single; past-year quit attempts correlated with other tobacco use and being Hispanic. Conclusions Young adult e-cigarette users demonstrate distinct user profiles and cessation-related experiences that should be considered in developing cessation interventions. Implications The vast majority of young adult e-cigarette users use other tobacco products and marijuana. Unfortunately, few reported readiness to quit or attempting quit. Moreover, certain subgroups (e.g., sexual/racial/ethnic minorities) are more likely to be ready or attempt to quit, but may not be successful. Vaping cessation interventions must attend to these nuances.

scholarly journals Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 173 (10) ◽  
pp. e192574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chadi ◽  
Rachel Schroeder ◽  
Jens Winther Jensen ◽  
Sharon Levy
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Cigarette Use

School Leavers With Verified Disabilities

2022 ◽  
pp. 355-394
Author(s):  
Helena Stark
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Youth Engagement ◽  
Transition Outcomes ◽  
Employment Rates

Globally, young adult employment rates have declined in the 21st century. In Australia, youth from non-metropolitan areas have a lower engagement rate in employment than their metropolitan peers, despite one rarely hearing declarations from school leavers that they aim to be unemployed and never work. This chapter investigates transition outcomes for young adults from a non-metropolitan area through a small retrospective study. The purpose is to identify influences that may impact youth engagement in employment or training for school leavers in a small town, and that may be dissimilar from influences affecting their metropolitan counterparts. Research also focuses on the influences affecting transition to employment for school leavers with verified disabilities in non-metropolitan areas and what barriers they experience to accessing employment or study.

Natural Observation of Alcohol Price and Promotions at Bars: Implications for Alcohol Misuse Prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812110547
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Cox ◽  
Meredith Moskwiak ◽  
Beth H. Chaney ◽  
Madison Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Observational Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Age Verification ◽  
Alcohol Price

Alcohol misuse among young adults remains a primary public health concern given the wide range of short- and long-term physical, social, and societal consequences of the behavior. On-premise drinking establishments, which allow alcohol consumption on site (i.e., bars), are frequent locations for young adult alcohol use. Risks for alcohol misuse within the bar setting are key factors to identify for prevention. Notably, alcohol price and promotions are associated with alcohol consumption among young adults. This study sought to develop and pilot test an observational protocol to assess the alcohol environment at on-premise drinking establishments. Following qualitative exploration of salient risk factors in these settings through focus groups with young adults, an observational tool was adapted and tested in a feasibility study. The refined tool was then pilot tested with two independent data collectors conducting natural observation at 13 establishments in the downtown nightlife district of a small, southeastern city. High interrater reliability was noted. Descriptive summary statistics of bar characteristics demonstrate low alcohol prices with variability across types of alcohol (e.g., beer, wine, and liquor), greater numbers of alcohol promotions inside rather than outside the building, and higher rates of manual versus electronic age verification procedures. Observational assessment of alcohol price and marketing at on-premise drinking establishments as described in this study is needed to inform prevention policy and programs to reduce harms associated with young adult alcohol misuse.

scholarly journals Developing Pictorial Cigarillo Warnings: Insights From Focus Groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cornacchione Ross ◽  
Jessica L King ◽  
Allison J Lazard ◽  
Seth M Noar ◽  
Beth A Reboussin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Cognitive Reactions ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Introduction The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) selected six text-only warnings for cigarillos to be implemented on packaging and advertising. Pictorial warnings are more effective at discouraging cigarette use than text-only warnings, yet no research exists for cigarillos. We sought to understand what types of images might be most effectively paired with the cigarillo text warnings to inform broad principles for developing pictorial warnings, with a focus on young adults, who have the highest rate of cigarillo use. Methods We conducted five focus groups with a total of N = 30 young adult cigarillo users and susceptible nonusers (53% female, 50% White, and 33% Black). Participants were shown four to eight unique images for each of the six text statements and were asked about visual–verbal congruency, emotional and cognitive reactions, and perceived effectiveness of each image. Sessions were recorded and transcribed; two investigators independently coded transcripts for emergent themes. Results Participants reported images that were graphic or “gross” would best grab attention and discourage use of cigarillos. Participants preferred images that were a direct illustration of the information in the warning text, rather than abstract images that required more cognitive effort to understand. Participants also highlighted that including people in the images, especially youth and young adults making eye contact, helped them relate to the warnings, garner their attention, and positively influence their reactions. Conclusions We identified several principles to inform the selection of images to pair with the FDA-required cigarillo text statements. These insights may also apply to pictorial warnings for other tobacco products. Implications This focus group study identified principles for selecting images to develop pictorial warnings for the six FDA text-only cigarillo warnings. We found that young adult cigarillo users and susceptible nonusers preferred images that were graphic and gross, believable, congruent to the warning text, and included people. Images that match young adults’ visual expectations of a disease and are emotion-provoking may be most effective in pictorial warnings and highlight challenges for developing pictorial warnings for health effects that do not have a visible health consequence.

scholarly journals E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer B. Unger ◽  
Daniel W. Soto ◽  
Adam Leventhal
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cigarette Use

scholarly journals Stress, Dependence, and COVID-19–related Changes in Past 30-day Marijuana, Electronic Cigarette, and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2110674
Author(s):  
Stephanie L Clendennen ◽  
Kathleen R Case ◽  
Aslesha Sumbe ◽  
Dale S Mantey ◽  
Emily J Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Background Studies show smoking and vaping behaviors increase risk of contracting and worse symptoms of COVID-19. This study examines whether past 30-day youth and young adult users of marijuana, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes self-reported changes in their use of these substances due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and cross-sectional associations between perceived stress, nicotine or marijuana dependence, and COVID-19–related changes in use. Methods Participants were 709 past 30-day self-reported substance users from the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance study (TATAMS; mean age = 19; 58% female; 38% Hispanic, 35% white). Multiple logistic regression models assessed cross-sectional associations between perceived stress and dependence and increased, decreased, or sustained past 30-day use of marijuana, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes due to COVID-19 (e.g., “Has your marijuana use changed due to the COVID-19 outbreak?”). Covariates included age, race/ethnicity, socio-economic status (SES), dependence (exposure: stress), and stress (exposure: dependence). Results Most participants reported sustained (41%, 43%, 49%) or increased (37%, 34%, 25%) use of marijuana, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes due to COVID-19, respectively. Participants who reported symptoms of dependence were significantly more likely than their non-dependent peers to report increasing their marijuana (AOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.15–2.39) and e-cigarette (AOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.38–4.77) use. Those who reported higher perceived stress were significantly more likely to report increasing their marijuana use (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.01–2.42). Conclusions Most youth and young adults did not decrease their substance use amid a global, respiratory disease pandemic. Health messaging and interventions that address the health effects of smoking and vaping as well as factors like stress and dependence that may be barriers to decreasing use are vital in curbing the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Effects of E-Cigarette Use on Alcohol and Marijuana Abuse Symptoms in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13159
Author(s):  
Pallav Pokhrel ◽  
Taha Elwir ◽  
Hannah Mettias ◽  
Crissy T. Kawamoto ◽  
Nabin Oli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Marijuana Abuse ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Problem Alcohol

Background: We examined e-cigarette use as a prospective predictor of alcohol and marijuana abuse symptoms in a sample consisting of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI), Filipino, Asian (i.e., Japanese, Chinese, Korean), and White young adults. NHPI represent a highly vulnerable group with regard to substance use and are severely understudied. Methods: Data were collected from 1463 young adults (M age = 22.2, SD = 3.2; 59.5% women) enrolled across community colleges in Hawai‘i at two time-points six months apart. Results: Higher frequency of e-cigarette use at baseline was predictive of higher alcohol (B = 0.06, SE = 0.02, p < 0.01) and marijuana (B = 0.06, SE = 0.02, p < 0.01) use problems at six-month follow up, adjusting for baseline cigarette smoking, problem alcohol/marijuana use, sensation seeking, and demographic variables. Ethnicity was found to significantly moderate the relationship between baseline e-cigarette use and problem marijuana use later, such that White and NHPI ethnicities were particularly vulnerable to the effects of e-cigarette use on problem marijuana use. Conclusion: NHPI are often combined with Asians in national surveys, which obfuscates the higher risks faced by NHPI compared with groups that are routinely classified as Asians (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos). The current research highlights the NHPI’s vulnerability in terms of the effects of e-cigarette use on marijuana and alcohol abuse symptoms.

Going Up? Canada's metropolitan areas and their role as escalators or elevators

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Career Progression ◽  
Income Effect ◽  
Productivity Effect ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Social Advancement ◽  
To Receive

 Canada’s major metropolitan areas offer multiple opportunities for economic and social advancement for in-migrants. As such, young adults may be attracted to these locations. In-migrants to Toronto have been observed to receive a substantial income benefit associated with migration into Toronto that is consistent with a productivity effect. This income effect is greater than the income benefit received by migrants elsewhere in the system or those who did not migrate. However, migration into Toronto did not lead to an acceleration in income gains consistent with the more rapid career progression expected to result from the migration into an escalator region.Consequently, this paper explores the income benefits for young adult migrants by considering the role of other major metropolitan areas within Canada, and whether they function similar to Toronto as escalators, or serve other roles that are unique to employment sector and type.

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