A Damping Modification Factor Prediction Model for Horizontal Displacement Spectrum from Subduction Slab Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhou ◽  
John X. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT A damping modification factor (DMF) model without source and path parameters is presented in this article for subduction slab earthquakes in Japan, using a similar dataset in the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study. Site classes based on site periods were used as the site-effect proxy. DMF models were derived from spectra of 13 damping ratios and 34 spectral periods, and the DMF can be calculated for any damping ratio between 1% and 30% and at any spectral period between 0.03 and 5.0 s. A simple fourth-order polynomial for the logarithm of the spectral periods and a simple quadratic function of the logarithm of damping ratios were used to model the effects of spectral periods and damping ratios, respectively. The model satisfies boundary conditions that require the DMF values equal to 1.0 at very short spectral periods; at long spectral periods, the DMFs for different damping ratios appear to converge to 1.0 to satisfy the constant displacement spectrum at long periods. Model standard deviations are smaller than those for the ground-motion prediction equations. All standard deviations vary linearly with the increasing logarithm of damping ratios. The DMFs presented in this study combined with the spectrum from the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study produce smoothed displacement spectrum that may be used for engineering designs. In a spectral period range of 0.2–3.0 s, the DMF values from this study are close to those by Daneshvar et al. (2016), but, at short periods, the difference is significant. The residual distribution suggests that DMFs also depend on earthquake source and path parameters. The model presented in this article does not include the effect of source and path variables so that this model can be used to scale a 5% damped spectrum without a known magnitude and a source distance.

A Damping Modification Factor Prediction Model for Horizontal Displacement Spectrum from Subduction Interface Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 1231-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhou ◽  
John X. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT This article presents a damping modification factor (DMF) model without source and path parameters for subduction interface earthquakes in Japan using a similar dataset as the one used in the Zhao, Liang, et al. (2016) study. Site effect was modeled by site classes based on site periods. DMF models were constructed using the spectra for 13 damping ratios at 34 spectral periods. The DMF values can be calculated in a damping ratio range of 1%–30% and in a spectral period range of 0.03–5.0 s. The effect of damping ratios was modeled by a simple quadratic function of the damping ratios in the logarithm scale, and the effect of the spectral period was modeled by a simple fourth-order polynomial of the spectral period also in the logarithm scale. The DMF value is 1.0 at a spectral period of ≤0.02  s . At long periods >5.0  s, the DMFs for different damping ratios appear to converge to 1.0, satisfying the condition of constant displacement spectrum at long periods. For an extrapolation to >5.0  s for a damping ratio <5%, DMF=1.0 can be selected when DMF<1.0; for a damping ratio >5%, DMF=1.0 can be selected when DMF>1.0. For a damping ratio <5%, all standard deviations decrease linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale; for a damping ratio >5%, all standard deviations increase linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale. A smoothed displacement spectrum useful for engineering designs can be obtained by scaling the spectrum from Zhao, Liang, et al. (2016). The DMF values from this study are close to those of the published models at some spectral periods. The residual distribution suggests that DMFs are functions of earthquake source and path parameters.

A Damping Modification Factor for Horizontal Acceleration Spectrum from Subduction Slab Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1942-1959
Author(s):  
John X. Zhao ◽  
Mingxiu Jiang ◽  
Xiaonan Zhang ◽  
Lili Kang
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Design Spectrum ◽  
Horizontal Acceleration ◽  
Displacement Spectra ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Source And Path Effects ◽  
Site Classes

ABSTRACT We present a damping modification factor (DMF) model for the total acceleration spectrum from subduction slab earthquakes. The model can be used for scaling a 5% damped design spectrum not associated with a particular earthquake that occurred in a subduction slab. The DMF model uses site-period-based site classes as the site-effect proxy. DMF models were constructed based on the spectrum for 13 damping ratios and 34 spectral periods; the DMF values can be calculated for any damping ratio between 1% and 30% and at any spectral period between 0.03 and 5.0 s. At moderately long and long spectral periods, the DMF values for acceleration spectrum are similar to or less than those for the displacement spectrum for a damping ratio of less than 5%, whereas the DMF values for the acceleration spectrum are similar to or larger than those for the displacement spectrum when the damping ratio is more than 5%. The standard deviations for acceleration and displacement spectra are similar at short or moderately short spectral periods, but those for the acceleration spectrum are about twice those for the displacement spectrum at long spectral periods. All standard deviations decrease linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale when the damping ratio is less than 5% and increase linearly with increasing damping ratios in a logarithm scale for the other damping ratios. A set of simple functions for calculating various standard deviations is presented. The spectra from the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study for slab events scaled by the DMF values for other damping ratios vary smoothly with spectral period and have a trough at short spectral periods for a large event, a short distance, and high damping ratios. The relatively large between-event and within-site standard deviations are from the source and path effects.

Attenuation of Rayleigh-wave amplitudes across Eurasia

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-769
Author(s):  
Nazieh K. Yacoub ◽  
Brian J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Wave ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Attenuation Coefficients ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Amplitude Data ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Data Yield ◽  
Rayleigh Mode

abstract Surface waves generated by six earthquakes and two nuclear explosions are used to study the attenuation coefficients of the fundamental Rayleigh mode across Eurasia. Rayleigh-wave amplitude data yield average attenuation coefficients at periods between 4 and 50 sec. The data exhibit relatively large standard deviations and in some cases the average attenuation coefficients take on negative values which may be due to regional variations of the attenuative properties of the crust, lateral refraction, multipathing and scattering. A method has been developed to investigate the regional variation in the attenuative properties of the Eurasian crust and its effect on surface-wave amplitude data, employing the evaluated average attenuation coefficients for the fundamental Rayleigh mode. For this investigation, Eurasia is divided into two regions, one considered to be relatively stable, and the other considered to be tectonic in nature. This regionalization shows that the tectonic regions exhibit higher attenuation than the stable regions in the period range below about 20 sec, whereas in the period range above about 20 sec, no clear difference can be observed for the two regions. Although the effects of lateral refraction and multipathing may still significantly affect the observations, the regionalization lowers the standard deviations considerably and eliminates the negative values which were obtained in the unregionalized determinations.

The Hindu Kush earthquake of March 4, 1949 as recorded in Europe

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (6A) ◽  
pp. 1915-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Ratio ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Focal Region ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Characteristic Appearance ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
The Many

abstract The European records from distances 36°-50° of the deep Hindu Kush earthquake of March 4, 1949 were studied. The many clearly recorded deep-focus reflections lend to the records a characteristic appearance which is repeated in many other shocks from the same focal region. The ratios of the amplitudes of these phases vary somewhat from one shock to another. In the shock here considered sP and sPP are exceptionally large at most stations; in the Italian stations they are not so large, while pP is a clear phase. pP is not very well defined at most other stations. Most of the 1949 records were from the old type long-period instruments having their highest magnification for periods from about 5 sec to 12 sec. Present day instruments of quite short or of very long proper period while admirable for many purposes do not record waves in this period range very well and therefore do not produce a satisfactory picture of the forerunners of earthquakes. The difference between the records obtained on different instruments is illustrated. It is shown in examples that the amplitude ratio PP:P may differ strongly at the same epicentral distance and also that pP may vary greatly with azimuth. The deficiency of station readings is noted. Travel times and their residuals are tabulated and travel times plotted versus epicentral distances.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Plans to Increase the Results of Ordinary National Education Test by All-Round Tutoring Process for Primary School Grade 6

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Nuttakan Pakprod ◽  
Kanokrat Jirasatjanukul ◽  
Damrong Tumthong ◽  
Prapa Amklad ◽  
Wipa Lekchom
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Educational Testing ◽  
School Grade ◽  
National Education ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Basic Level

The objective of this research is to study the results of activities to increase the scores of Ordinary National Education Test. Cluster; teachers of Phetchaburi Rajabhat University comparing the results of Ordinary National Education Test in 2017-2018 and studying the satisfaction of the activities. The target group is 49 schools in Phetchaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces, data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The study found that the difference of the scores of the Ordinary National Education Test was higher in 32 schools and there is a difference in scores of Ordinary National Education Test tests lower by 2 schools, representing 94.12, with the satisfaction of the participation in the activity of increasing the basic educational testing at the basic level is at a high level with an average of 4.22, standard deviations 0.73, which the participants are satisfied with the process. The process of organizing activities was at the highest with an average of 4.28, standard deviations 0.76 and continues organizing activities to increase the scores of Ordinary National Education Test.

Implementation Features of an Analog Multiplier Based on 5529 Series Structured ASIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
S.O. Belostotskaya ◽  
◽  
A.A. Lukyanov ◽  
A.S. Roslyakov ◽  
A.N. Semenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Analog Signal ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Current Function ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
Signal Multiplier ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ip Blocks ◽  
Function Cell

During the analog signals processing one of the key factors is the reduction of power consumption with high accuracy of signal processing. One way of solving this problem is the implementation of analog IP-blocks. PLLs, AGC, modulators often include the analog signal multipliers. In the paper, the principle of quadratic function cell operation has been described in detail. The analog signal multiplier has been constructed on the basis of the difference of squares arithmetic formula and the considered cell of the quadratic current function. On the basis of the elements of 5529 series structured ASIC, the analog signal multiplier has been simulated and its accuracy has been assessed. The resulting analog complex functional IP-block for signal multiplication is a part of the development strategy for 5529 series structured ASIC library.

scholarly journals Pile-Spacing Calculation of Anti-Slide Pile Based on Soil Arching Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangfu Chen ◽  
Liangchao Zou ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
Guodong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Limit Equilibrium ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Soil Arching ◽  
Pile Spacing ◽  
Arching Effect ◽  
Soil Arching Effect ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
The Difference

Anti-slide pile is one of the most frequently used measures in landslide control globally. Pile-spacing has always been determined by the load capacity of single piles or according to engineering empirical experience. Many engineering practices and laboratory experiments show that the soil arching effect exists in landslide control with anti-slide piles. In this study, we aim to calculate pile-spacing in terms of the soil arching effect. We investigated the pile-soil interaction mechanism and propose that, at the limit, the pile-back soil arch resists landslide thrust only. According to Mohr–Coulomb strength theory and limit equilibrium theories, we derived a new pile-spacing calculation equation. We verified the derived pile-spacing calculation equation with real projects. The calculated results are similar to those of practical engineering designs, in which the difference is within 10%. The equation can be used in anti-slide pile preliminary design. This study can be a reference for pile-spacing calculation based on the soil arching effect.

scholarly journals Ionospheric Peak Parameters Retrieved from FY-3C Radio Occultation: A Statistical Comparison with Measurements from COSMIC RO and Digisondes Over the Globe

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1419
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
Xiaohua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Solar Activity Period

In this study, two ionospheric peak parameters (ICPs), NmF2 and hmF2, derived from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) ionospheric electron density profiles (EDPs) obtained by Feng-Yun 3C (FY-3C) mission are compared with those derived from the observations of the Constellation Observing System for the Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission and the measurements from 24 digisonde stations distributed around the world during the year from 2014 to 2017. The FY-3C derived ICPs and the COSMIC-derived ICPs are provided by the National Satellite Meteorological Centre (NSMC) and the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC), respectively. The correlation and bias analyses are carried out in the comparison under the collocation criterion with the time interval of 1 h and the space interval of 3° in latitude and 5° in longitude. When comparing the ICPs derived from the two RO missions, the difference in the azimuth of occultation planes (DAOPs) between the matched pairs is limited to be within 20°. The comparison results are analyzed for different solar activity periods, and solar elevation angle (SEA) is taken for the first time as a factor that represents the comprehensive impacts of latitude zones, seasons, and local time of the observations. The results are shown as follows: (1) Both the COSMIC RO-derived and the digisonde-observed ICPs are in good agreement with the FY-3C RO-derived ones. The correlation coefficient (CC) between the NmF2 and hmF2 derived by COSMIC RO and FY-3C RO is 0.965 and 0.916, respectively, while the correlation coefficient between the NmF2 and hmF2 derived by digisonde and FY-3C RO is 0.924 and 0.832, respectively. The quality of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs are reliable enough for further applications. (2) The CC of NmF2 is, in general, higher than that of hmF2 when comparing FY-3C RO with other observations, and the overall MAB and MRB of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs during the higher solar activity period are higher than the ones during the lower solar activity period. The difference between the two RO missions is much smaller than that one between FY-3C RO and digisonde. (3) For a certain solar activity period, the standard deviations of the absolute bias (SDAB) and the standard deviations of the relative bias (SDRB) of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs compared with digisonde-derived ones generally increases with the increase of SEA, while the SDAB and SDRB of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs both get the minimum values for the AOP interval near to 90°.

A New Ground-Motion Prediction Equation of Japanese Instrumental Seismic Intensities Reflecting Source Type Characteristics in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 2661-2692
Author(s):  
Ritsuko S. Matsu’ura ◽  
Hiroto Tanaka ◽  
Mitsuko Furumura ◽  
Tsutomu Takahama ◽  
Akemi Noda
Keyword(s):  
Site Effect ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Philippine Sea Plate ◽  
Intraplate Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Seismology ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Ogasawara Islands ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
New Equation

ABSTRACT A new equation for predicting Japanese instrumental seismic intensities at arbitrary surface sites in Japan for Mw 5.4–8.7 and distances ranging from 10 to 1000 km was derived from approximately 30,000 observed intensities for various types of earthquakes. The equation incorporates the differences in the subsurface characteristics immediately beneath each site using VS30. The equation can also predict the abnormal intensities (which are indispensable in Japan) due to subducting slabs using the depth of the slab surface beneath each site from the Crustal Activity Modeling Program standard plate model. The prediction equation can be applied to five source types: Pacific Ocean plate (PAC) interplate, PAC intraplate, very shallow crustal, shallow (≤50  km) Philippine Sea plate (PHS) intraplate, and intermediate-depth (>50  km) PHS intraplate earthquakes. Although the equation is applicable at various magnitudes and distances, the standard deviations (σ) are 0.5–0.6, which are smaller than those of other equations with narrower distance ranges. Smaller σ values were achieved by the inversion of 29,837 Japanese instrumental seismic intensities from 68 selected earthquakes of five source types with a common site effect at each station. A deep Mw 7.9 earthquake that occurred at a depth of 680 km in 2015 near the Ogasawara Islands and subjected all of Japan to long-duration shaking due to waves propagating through the mantle was effectively employed to constrain the VS30 term of the equation. The equations for PAC interplate and very shallow earthquakes were validated by seven earthquakes that were not used for the inversion; the standard deviations for these earthquakes fell in the range of 0.41–0.53. The formula for very shallow crustal earthquakes is also able to predict the intensities of PHS interplate earthquakes. Hence, this equation is useful not only for engineering applications but also for historical seismology to distinguish the source types of ancient earthquakes.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Water-Soluble Copper in Water-Insoluble Copper Fungicides: CIPAC Collaborative Study. Comparison with Bathocuproine Method

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
F Sánchez Rasero ◽  
◽  
P G Balayannis ◽  
H P Beyers ◽  
E Celma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method was collaboratively studied by 8 laboratories from Africa, the United States, Australia, and Europe. The samples were dispersed in deionized water. After centrifuging and filtering, the water-soluble copper in the filtrate was acidified and measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in an airacetylene flame, at 324.7 nm. The results from 7 laboratories were satisfactory and no unfavorable comments were received. Repeatability standard deviations ranged from 0.005 to 0.023, and reproducibility standard deviations ranged from 0.012 to 0.062. When compared with the bathocuproine method, the difference in bias between both methods is not significant. They were both adopted as full CIPAC methods, with the bathocuproine method as the referee method. Both methods have been adopted official first action.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document