A Damping Modification Factor Prediction Model for Horizontal Displacement Spectrum from Subduction Interface Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 1231-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhou ◽  
John X. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT This article presents a damping modification factor (DMF) model without source and path parameters for subduction interface earthquakes in Japan using a similar dataset as the one used in the Zhao, Liang, et al. (2016) study. Site effect was modeled by site classes based on site periods. DMF models were constructed using the spectra for 13 damping ratios at 34 spectral periods. The DMF values can be calculated in a damping ratio range of 1%–30% and in a spectral period range of 0.03–5.0 s. The effect of damping ratios was modeled by a simple quadratic function of the damping ratios in the logarithm scale, and the effect of the spectral period was modeled by a simple fourth-order polynomial of the spectral period also in the logarithm scale. The DMF value is 1.0 at a spectral period of ≤0.02  s . At long periods >5.0  s, the DMFs for different damping ratios appear to converge to 1.0, satisfying the condition of constant displacement spectrum at long periods. For an extrapolation to >5.0  s for a damping ratio <5%, DMF=1.0 can be selected when DMF<1.0; for a damping ratio >5%, DMF=1.0 can be selected when DMF>1.0. For a damping ratio <5%, all standard deviations decrease linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale; for a damping ratio >5%, all standard deviations increase linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale. A smoothed displacement spectrum useful for engineering designs can be obtained by scaling the spectrum from Zhao, Liang, et al. (2016). The DMF values from this study are close to those of the published models at some spectral periods. The residual distribution suggests that DMFs are functions of earthquake source and path parameters.

A Damping Modification Factor Prediction Model for Horizontal Displacement Spectrum from Subduction Slab Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhou ◽  
John X. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT A damping modification factor (DMF) model without source and path parameters is presented in this article for subduction slab earthquakes in Japan, using a similar dataset in the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study. Site classes based on site periods were used as the site-effect proxy. DMF models were derived from spectra of 13 damping ratios and 34 spectral periods, and the DMF can be calculated for any damping ratio between 1% and 30% and at any spectral period between 0.03 and 5.0 s. A simple fourth-order polynomial for the logarithm of the spectral periods and a simple quadratic function of the logarithm of damping ratios were used to model the effects of spectral periods and damping ratios, respectively. The model satisfies boundary conditions that require the DMF values equal to 1.0 at very short spectral periods; at long spectral periods, the DMFs for different damping ratios appear to converge to 1.0 to satisfy the constant displacement spectrum at long periods. Model standard deviations are smaller than those for the ground-motion prediction equations. All standard deviations vary linearly with the increasing logarithm of damping ratios. The DMFs presented in this study combined with the spectrum from the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study produce smoothed displacement spectrum that may be used for engineering designs. In a spectral period range of 0.2–3.0 s, the DMF values from this study are close to those by Daneshvar et al. (2016), but, at short periods, the difference is significant. The residual distribution suggests that DMFs also depend on earthquake source and path parameters. The model presented in this article does not include the effect of source and path variables so that this model can be used to scale a 5% damped spectrum without a known magnitude and a source distance.

A Damping Modification Factor for Horizontal Acceleration Spectrum from Subduction Slab Earthquakes in Japan Accounting for Site Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1942-1959
Author(s):  
John X. Zhao ◽  
Mingxiu Jiang ◽  
Xiaonan Zhang ◽  
Lili Kang
Keyword(s):  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Design Spectrum ◽  
Horizontal Acceleration ◽  
Displacement Spectra ◽  
Modification Factor ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Source And Path Effects ◽  
Site Classes

ABSTRACT We present a damping modification factor (DMF) model for the total acceleration spectrum from subduction slab earthquakes. The model can be used for scaling a 5% damped design spectrum not associated with a particular earthquake that occurred in a subduction slab. The DMF model uses site-period-based site classes as the site-effect proxy. DMF models were constructed based on the spectrum for 13 damping ratios and 34 spectral periods; the DMF values can be calculated for any damping ratio between 1% and 30% and at any spectral period between 0.03 and 5.0 s. At moderately long and long spectral periods, the DMF values for acceleration spectrum are similar to or less than those for the displacement spectrum for a damping ratio of less than 5%, whereas the DMF values for the acceleration spectrum are similar to or larger than those for the displacement spectrum when the damping ratio is more than 5%. The standard deviations for acceleration and displacement spectra are similar at short or moderately short spectral periods, but those for the acceleration spectrum are about twice those for the displacement spectrum at long spectral periods. All standard deviations decrease linearly with increasing damping ratios in the logarithm scale when the damping ratio is less than 5% and increase linearly with increasing damping ratios in a logarithm scale for the other damping ratios. A set of simple functions for calculating various standard deviations is presented. The spectra from the Zhao, Jiang, et al. (2016) study for slab events scaled by the DMF values for other damping ratios vary smoothly with spectral period and have a trough at short spectral periods for a large event, a short distance, and high damping ratios. The relatively large between-event and within-site standard deviations are from the source and path effects.

Attenuation of Rayleigh-wave amplitudes across Eurasia

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-769
Author(s):  
Nazieh K. Yacoub ◽  
Brian J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Wave ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Attenuation Coefficients ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Amplitude Data ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Data Yield ◽  
Rayleigh Mode

abstract Surface waves generated by six earthquakes and two nuclear explosions are used to study the attenuation coefficients of the fundamental Rayleigh mode across Eurasia. Rayleigh-wave amplitude data yield average attenuation coefficients at periods between 4 and 50 sec. The data exhibit relatively large standard deviations and in some cases the average attenuation coefficients take on negative values which may be due to regional variations of the attenuative properties of the crust, lateral refraction, multipathing and scattering. A method has been developed to investigate the regional variation in the attenuative properties of the Eurasian crust and its effect on surface-wave amplitude data, employing the evaluated average attenuation coefficients for the fundamental Rayleigh mode. For this investigation, Eurasia is divided into two regions, one considered to be relatively stable, and the other considered to be tectonic in nature. This regionalization shows that the tectonic regions exhibit higher attenuation than the stable regions in the period range below about 20 sec, whereas in the period range above about 20 sec, no clear difference can be observed for the two regions. Although the effects of lateral refraction and multipathing may still significantly affect the observations, the regionalization lowers the standard deviations considerably and eliminates the negative values which were obtained in the unregionalized determinations.

Unknown input fractional-order functional observer design for one-side Lipschitz time-delay fractional-order systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (15) ◽  
pp. 4311-4321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Viet Thuan ◽  
Dinh Cong Huong ◽  
Nguyen Huu Sau ◽  
Quan Thai Ha
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Nonlinear Systems ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Observer Design ◽  
Linear Matrix ◽  
Unknown Input ◽  
Functional Observer ◽  
The One

This paper addresses the problem of unknown input fractional-order functional state observer design for a class of fractional-order time-delay nonlinear systems. The nonlinearities consist of two parts where one part is assumed to satisfy both the one-sided Lipschitz condition and the quadratically inner-bounded condition and the other is not necessary to be Lipschitz and can be regarded as an unknown input, making the wider class of considered nonlinear systems. By taking the advantages of recent results on Caputo fractional derivative of a quadratic function, we derive new sufficient conditions with the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the systems. Four examples are also provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.

scholarly journals A systematic design approach for objectifying Building with Nature solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Mindert De Vries ◽  
Mark Van Koningsveld ◽  
Stefan Aarninkhof ◽  
Huib De Vriend
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
Systematic Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Building With Nature ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Development Phases ◽  
The One

Hydraulic engineering infrastructure is supposed to keep functioning for many years and is likely to interfere with both the natural and the social environment at various scales. Due to its long life-cycle, hydraulic infrastructure is bound to face changing environmental conditions as well as changes in societal views on acceptable solutions. This implies that sustainability and adaptability are/should be important attributes of the design, the development and operation of hydraulic engineering infrastructure. Sustainability and adaptability are central to the Building with Nature (BwN) approach. Although nature-based design philosophies, such as BwN, have found broad support, a key issue that inhibits a wider mainstream implementation is the lack of a method to objectify BwN concepts. With objectifying, we mean turning the implicit into an explicit engineerable ‘object’, on the one hand, and specifying clear design ‘objectives’, on the other. This paper proposes the “Frame of Reference” approach as a method to systematically transform BwN concepts into functionally specified engineering designs. It aids the rationalisation of BwN concepts and facilitates the transfer of crucial information between project development phases, which benefits the uptake, acceptance and eventually the successful realisation of BwN solutions. It includes an iterative approach that is well suited for assessing status changes of naturally dynamic living building blocks of BwN solutions. The applicability of the approach is shown for a case that has been realised in the Netherlands. Although the example is Dutch, the method, as such, is generically applicable.

WHY AND HOW ARE CHILDREN FAT?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-307
Author(s):  
WILLIAM M. WALLACE
Keyword(s):  
Violent Death ◽  
Lord Of The Flies ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The One ◽  
Eventual Loser

IN SONG AND STORY, obesity has always had an association with the positive and happy values of life. The fat person was the image of the one to be trusted. He was kind, happy, jolly, and successful. If he were lazy, it was a good sort of laziness. If he were the butt of a joke, the jokester was the eventual loser. In the female, two standard deviations above mean weight was a sign of beauty. Today all this, for not easily discernible reasons, is changed. The pediatrician who would begin the study of obesity today could well start with a study of Piggy in the "Lord of the Flies." Either by intent or intuition, Golding has made him physically inept, myopic, frightened, and carried to an early and violent death, his wisdom and foresight unheeded.

A New Ground-Motion Prediction Equation of Japanese Instrumental Seismic Intensities Reflecting Source Type Characteristics in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 2661-2692
Author(s):  
Ritsuko S. Matsu’ura ◽  
Hiroto Tanaka ◽  
Mitsuko Furumura ◽  
Tsutomu Takahama ◽  
Akemi Noda
Keyword(s):  
Site Effect ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Philippine Sea Plate ◽  
Intraplate Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Seismology ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Ogasawara Islands ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
New Equation

ABSTRACT A new equation for predicting Japanese instrumental seismic intensities at arbitrary surface sites in Japan for Mw 5.4–8.7 and distances ranging from 10 to 1000 km was derived from approximately 30,000 observed intensities for various types of earthquakes. The equation incorporates the differences in the subsurface characteristics immediately beneath each site using VS30. The equation can also predict the abnormal intensities (which are indispensable in Japan) due to subducting slabs using the depth of the slab surface beneath each site from the Crustal Activity Modeling Program standard plate model. The prediction equation can be applied to five source types: Pacific Ocean plate (PAC) interplate, PAC intraplate, very shallow crustal, shallow (≤50  km) Philippine Sea plate (PHS) intraplate, and intermediate-depth (>50  km) PHS intraplate earthquakes. Although the equation is applicable at various magnitudes and distances, the standard deviations (σ) are 0.5–0.6, which are smaller than those of other equations with narrower distance ranges. Smaller σ values were achieved by the inversion of 29,837 Japanese instrumental seismic intensities from 68 selected earthquakes of five source types with a common site effect at each station. A deep Mw 7.9 earthquake that occurred at a depth of 680 km in 2015 near the Ogasawara Islands and subjected all of Japan to long-duration shaking due to waves propagating through the mantle was effectively employed to constrain the VS30 term of the equation. The equations for PAC interplate and very shallow earthquakes were validated by seven earthquakes that were not used for the inversion; the standard deviations for these earthquakes fell in the range of 0.41–0.53. The formula for very shallow crustal earthquakes is also able to predict the intensities of PHS interplate earthquakes. Hence, this equation is useful not only for engineering applications but also for historical seismology to distinguish the source types of ancient earthquakes.

Multiple soliton, fusion, breather, lump, mixed kink-lump and periodic solutions to the extended shallow water wave model in (2+1)-dimensions

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150138
Author(s):  
Hajar F. Ismael ◽  
Aly Seadawy ◽  
Hasan Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Wave ◽  
Soliton Solutions ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Shallow Water Wave ◽  
Hirota Bilinear Form ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Phenomena

In this paper, we consider the shallow water wave model in the (2+1)-dimensions. The Hirota simple method is applied to construct the new dynamics one-, two-, three-, [Formula: see text]-soliton solutions, complex multi-soliton, fusion, and breather solutions. By using the quadratic function, the one-lump, mixed kink-lump and periodic lump solutions to the model are obtained. The Hirota bilinear form variable of this model is derived at first via logarithmic variable transform. The physical phenomena to this model are explored. The obtained results verify the proposed model.

scholarly journals Deformation Control Method of the Antislide Pile under Trapezoidal Load in the Zhangjiawan Landslide

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Zhiying Lv ◽  
Hongyu Qin ◽  
Jianwei Yue ◽  
Jianwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Pile Head ◽  
The Relationship

Antislide piles are set in the Zhangjiawan landslide area, where the general features of the bedrock below the slip surface include upper weak and lower hard strata. Based on a site investigation, the horizontal displacement of the antislide pile head is 14.8 cm, which is not conducive to the stability of the landslide. In the study, a displacement calculation method for the pile under trapezoidal load is proposed for a colluvial landslide controlling. Furthermore, factors affecting the deformation and internal forces of the pile were also studied. The results indicated that (1) when the embedded length of an antislide pile increases, the horizontal displacement on the pile and maximum absolute shear force decrease, while the bending moment of the pile exhibits opposite trends; (2) the relationship between maximum shear force and maximum bending moment is linear with increasing driving force of landslide; and (3) increase in the ratio of the driving force between the pile head and slip surface (q0/q1) steadily increases the horizontal displacement of the pile. The relationship between the distribution of the driving force (q0/q1) and the reasonable embedded length of a pile is a quadratic function, which can be used to determine the reasonable embedded length of a pile under the action of rectangular or triangular loads. It is very useful to use the above method to guide the design of antislide piles in similar areas.

Quantitative Analysis of Limonin in Grapefruit Juice Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay: Interlaboratory Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur W Widmer ◽  
Russell L Rouseff
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Grapefruit Juice ◽  
Interlaboratory Study ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Statistical Analysis Method ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The One

Abstract Eleven laboratories participated in an interlaboratory study of an enzyme-linked immunoassay for limonin in grapefruit Juice. Participating laboratories received training and practice samples until familiar with the procedure. Laboratories then received 8 sample pairs of grapefruit Juice as blind duplicates. Samples were refrigerated and analyzed within 4 days of receipt. Results from 1 laboratory and 6 Individual samples were excluded from the statistical analysis. Method performance was measured by the one-way component of variance analysis. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 7.0 to 15.6%. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 12.9 to 29.4%

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