scholarly journals Outbreaks of infectious diseases in healthcare facilities: Issues of epidemiological diagnostics and preanalytical stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Svetlana S. Smirnova ◽  
Tatyana S. Yuzhanina ◽  
Lyudmila G. Vyatkina ◽  
Alla A. Golubkova ◽  
Alexander V. Alimov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Etiological Agents

Background. The issue of outbreaks of infectious diseases in healthcare facilities is not often discussed in the scientific community. Several years ago, the primary etiological agents of outbreaks in hospitals were bacteria, whereas in most cases under modern conditions, outbreak incidence is caused by viruses. Aim. Based on the analysis of research materials on outbreaks of infectious diseases in healthcare facilities of Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, this work aimed to characterize infectious diseases under contemporary conditions and identify problematic issues of the preanalytical stage of epidemiological diagnostics and the organization of preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Methods. The data of federal statistical monitoring form No. 23 Information on outbreaks of infectious diseases (18 units of information) and the copy of the Acts of an epidemiological investigation of foci of infectious (parasitic) diseases with the establishment of a causal relationship (14 units of information) were analyzed. The work used epidemiological and statistical methods of information processing. The significance of differences between the indices of independent samples was evaluated using Fishers exact test. Results. In 2018, 14 outbreaks of infectious diseases were recorded in healthcare facilities in 7 out of 18 subjects in Ural and Siberian Federal Districts. The total number of victims was 183 people (97 (53.0%) children and 86 (47.0%) adults). Most of the outbreaks (12 of 14; 85.7%) were of viral etiology. One outbreak was of bacterial, and one was of fungal origin. Discussion. Viruses played a key role in the formation of foci with multiple diseases in the healthcare facilities of Ural and Siberian Federal Districts in 2018. Most of the foci of infection with an aerogenic transmission mechanism were caused by varicella-zoster virus, and those with fecaloral transmission mechanism were etiologically associated with Norwalk virus. Children were the most vulnerable contingents in outbreaks in the healthcare facilities. In all the situations analyzed, the prerequisites for an outbreak include the untimely isolation of the source of infection, hospital overload, and inadequate financial and logistical support. Anti-epidemic measures were conducted to the fullest extent during outbreaks of acute intestinal infections in comparison with outbreaks of a different etiology. Conclusion. Most outbreaks registered in the hospitals could be prevented by vaccination of the related population.

Drinking-Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in a Colombian Department, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dora Cardona Rivas ◽  
Militza Yulain Cardona Guzmán ◽  
Olga Lucía Ocampo López
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To characterize the burden of intestinal infectious diseases attributable to drinking-water quality in 27 municipalities in the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: A time-trend ecological study. The drinking-water quality of the National Institute of Health and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies was identified. The disease burden was calculated based on the mortality registered in the National Department of Statistics and the records of morbidity attended by the Social Protection Integrated Information System. The etiological agents reported in morbidity records and the observation of environmental conditions in the municipalities of the study were included. The disease burden was determined according to the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

A geographical analysis of the first wave of Covid-19 with reference to highland and lowland regions of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-281
Author(s):  
Bindhy Wasini Pandey ◽  
◽  
Yuvraj Singh ◽  
Usha Rani ◽  
Roosen Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Indian Himalayan Region ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The issue of health has become a major concern in recent years as a result of extensive coverage of media reporting outbreaks of diseases and the spread of deadly infectious diseases around the world. There has been a growing concern over the accessibility and affordability of healthcare facilities. The spread of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 has been felt all over the world. However, the rate of infection varies across certain regions of the world. There exists intra-regional disparity as well. Recent research shows that there are latitudinal and altitudinal variations in the spread of the COVID-19. This paper studies variation of infection COVID-19 across the highlands of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and the lowland areas in India. The paper also examines the role of geographical spaces in the spread of coronavirus in these regions. The study indicates that place-based effects (altitude, temperature, pollution levels, etc.) on health can be seen in a variety of ways; therefore, locational issues are very important for addressing health questions. The paper also analyses the Spatio-temporal pattern of the COVID-19 pandemic in the study area to understand the nature of the disease in different locations.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EPIZOOTIC ASPECT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS EVOLUTION IN TERNOPIL REGION

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Vasylieva ◽  
Yu. A. Kravchuk
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Regional Laboratory ◽  
Dark Ground ◽  
Different Sources

<p>Background. Ternopil region is endemic on leptospirosis. Its natural conditions (slightly alkaline or alkaline<br />soils, air temperature, sufficient rainfall) contribute to the existence of major natural reservoir of the pathogen –<br />mouse-like rodents. In the region, different serovariants of leptospira are exuded by rodents and farm<br />animals.<br />Objective. The materials of the Department of Highly Infectious Diseases of Ternopil Regional Laboratory<br />Centre of the State Sanitation and Epidemiological Service of Ukraine, Ternopil Regional Laboratory of Veterinary<br />Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases of TSMU were studied.<br />Leptospiras were detected by dark ground microscopy (DFM) of blood of patients, trapped rodents and examined<br />farm animals.<br />Results. The circulating of pathogens between different sources (rodents, animals) and annual �����������disease incidence<br />evidences that new leptospira serovar are carried onto endemic area mostly by farm animals; humans<br />are infected from them through the environment sometimes in 3-5 years intervals; the further diffusion to the<br />new areas of this pathogen serovars in all kinds of the examined mouse-like rodents is noticed.<br />It is established that farm animals and rodents are competing reservoirs. To predict the future epidemiological<br />situation of leptospirosis among the humans and to improve its diagnosis the constant monitoring of the<br />population, infection and leptospira carriage among mouse-like rodent and farm animals and expanding of the<br />panel of diagnostic leptospira strains including new pathogen variants in animals is necessary.<br />Conclusions. The development of additional reservoirs in animals, with circulating of other pathogen<br />serovars among them, such as mouse-like rodents, which were previously absent in the main natural reservoir,<br />cause the change of etiological structure in human leptospirosis at the endemic areas. The range of human<br />leptospirosis pathogens and its further spreading among all kinds of rodents increased during our research. The<br />results of detection of leptospirosis pathogens among the various contingents which were studied evidence that<br />the farm animals and rodents are competing reservoirs that cause human infection through environment.<br />KEY WORDS: leptospirosis, disease incidence, source of infection, rodents, farm animals.</p>

Incidence rate and specifics of the clinical course of herpesviral meningitis in children and adults according to regional clinical hospital for infectious diseases, city of Tyumen

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
A. A. Beltikova ◽  
◽  
A. A. Zasypkina ◽  
O. A. Lyubimtseva ◽  
L. V. Khanipova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Clinical Hospital ◽  
Meningitis In Children ◽  
Simplex Virus

Aim. The objective is to explore the incidence rate and the specifics of the clinical course of herpesviral meningitis in children and adults. Materials and methods. The post-hoc analysis of 23 patients’ records has been carried out. The patients were admitted to State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Tyumen Region, Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, City of Tyumen, during the period of 2018-2019 diagnosed with meningitis of herpesviral etiology. When analysing the data the following aspects were taken into account: age, sex, etiological agent, complaints at admission, results of clinical examination and laboratory findings. Results. Twenty-three (23) cases of herpesviral meningitis were registered during the period of two (2) years; mixed infection was detected in every fifth patient. Epstein Barr viral meningitis was diagnosed in most cases and was detected 3.5 times oftener in adults than in children. Herpes Simplex Virus meningitis was the second one in terms of detection rate and it affected only adults. Varicella Zoster Virus meningitis was detected two times rarer than Herpes Simplex Virus and only in adults. The herpesviral meningitis caused by human herpes virus type 6 was detected with the same rate as Varicella Zoster meningitis but was registered among children only. Cytomegaloviral meningitis was detected in one adult who was affected by severe immune deficiency. Conclusion. The detected specifics of the incidence of the herpesviral meningitis with respect to a patient’s age will enable a practitioner to suggest the possible meningitis etiology and to prescribe appropriate treatment thus improving the prognosis for the disease.

Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Bacteremia: Historical Overview, Changing Incidence, and Recent Association With Varicella

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
Allan Doctor ◽  
Marvin B. Harper ◽  
Gary R. Fleisher
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Invasive Group ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Physician Visits ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Group A ◽  
Occult Bacteremia ◽  
Bacterial Superinfection

Objective. To quantitate the increase in invasive group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections and to define a possible association between GABHS bacteremia and primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections. Methods. This was a retrospective chart review conducted at Children's Hospital. Participants were patients with documented GABHS bacteremia occurring from January 1977 through December 1993. Measurements/Main Results. We identified 63 episodes of GABHS bacteremia in 62 patients. From 1977 to 1992, a mean of 3.2 ± 2 cases occurred per year (range, 0 to 6), increasing by a factor of 3 (10 cases) in 1993. The median age was 4 years (range, 1 day to 20 years; mean, 8 years ± 3 months); 36 were male; five children were immunocompromised. One child was dead on arrival and one had a cardiac arrest during evaluation in the emergency department. Primary sites of infection (oropharynx, skin, or middle ear) were identified in 40 (75%) of the cases; in addition, 10 cases occurred in patients with primary VZV. From 1977 to 1992, we identified five VZV-associated cases; an average of 7 ± 11.5% of the patients with GABHS had concurrent VZV infection annually, with no more than one case per year. In 1993, 50% of the 10 new GABHS cases were in children with VZV infection (P = .003, Fisher's exact test). The diagnosis of invasive GABHS infection in patients with VZV was not readily recognized, requiring a median of two (range, one to four) physician visits before admission and the administration of antibiotics. All 10 children were diagnosed on the fourth or fifth day of the exanthem and were febrile (39.6 ± 1.1°C, range, 38.3 to 40.8°C), with a mean white blood cell count (WBC) of 11 500 ± 8 400/mm3 (8 of 10 cases had a WBC less than 15 000/mm3). None of the five VZV-associated cases in 1993 had signs of cutaneous bacterial superinfection; among these were two cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (one death), one case of osteomyelitis, and two cases of occult bacteremia. Of the five VZV-associated cases before 1993, one patient was diagnosed with supraglottitis, one with septic arthritis, one with orbital cellulitis, and two solely with impetiginized or cellulitic lesions. Conclusions. We found that the incidence of invasive GABHS infections has risen dramatically, increasing by a factor of 3 over the past year. In 1993, 50% of new cases of invasive GABHS disease were associated with VZV infection. Invasive GABHS should be considered in children with VZV who manifest fever on or beyond the fourth day of the exanthem. The absence of an elevated WBC and impetiginized or cellulitic lesions should not eliminate this diagnosis from consideration.

Functions and potential of lipocalin-2 as fecal biomarker for acute gastrointestinal infections (review of literature)

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-373
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Dmitrievna Lyutsova ◽  
M. D. Gospodinova ◽  
Y. D. Bocheva
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Intestinal Infections

Despite the visible progress in reducing morbidity and mortality from intestinal infections and acute diarrhea associated with them, especially in childhood, the problem of their diagnosis and treatment remains relevant. The article discusses the structure, function and application of lipocalin-2 in infectious diseases as a non-invasive biomarker of bacterial inflammation in the intestine.

DYNAMICS IN ABORTIONS AMONG MINORS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
O.V. Armashevskaya ◽  
◽  
T.A. Sokolovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Reference List ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Preventive Work ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation

Significance. Analysis of literary sources indicates the need and importance of preventive work among minors on adherence to healthy lifestyle, which is one of the fundamental factors for preventing pregnancy in children under 18. This work has a number of features and involves cooperation between many specialists, while organization of this work in healthcare facilities is rather tricky due to legislation and requires appropriate competencies of the doctor and challenges his or her professional performance. Preventing pregnancies in minors requires special competencies and skills to work with minors and their families and is a criterion for care organization in the subject of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze dynamics in abortions among minors in the Russian Federation in 2015-2019. Material and methods. The analysis included data from literature sources (n=101 for the last 5 years, including 13 sources included in the reference list). The study analyzed statistical indicators for 2015-2019 from collections of the Department of Health Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Development of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and "Basic indicators of maternal and child health, performance of Mother and Child services in the Russian Federation of the Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The growth/decline rates of indicators were calculated. Results. Analysis of the dynamics in abortions among minors in 2015-2019 showed that the lowest rates were registered in the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts, while the highest ones - in the Far Eastern, Siberian and Northwestern Federal Districts. The Sakhalin, Magadan and Amur regions lead in high rates of abortions among minors. Conclusion. Prevention of abortions in minors calls for a comprehensive doctor’s work aimed at preventing pregnancy and an integrated approach in medical organizations. Therefore, the abortion rate in minors should be considered as a criterion for organizing preventive work in healthcare facilities when providing medical care in outpatient settings.

scholarly journals P353 Assessing compliance to screening for infectious diseases and vaccination in patients newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S336-S337
Author(s):  
R Pringle ◽  
A Assadsangabi
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Patients are frequently counselled on vaccinations and screened for infectious diseases prior to starting immune-modulating therapy; however, the most up-to-date ECCO guideline on the subject (1) recommends vaccination screening and completion at diagnosis. We assessed adherence to the ECCO guidelines in patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Medical records from 100 IBD patients up to 6 months of their diagnosis were analysed retrospectively at a tertiary IBD centre in the UK. Data were collected for infectious diseases screening, documentation of vaccination history and education/advice on vaccination. Vaccination rates for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza, pneumococcal and varicella-zoster were documented if they were recorded in the medical notes. Results A total of 84% of patients were not screened for infectious diseases at diagnosis or within 6 months. Overall, 97% had no vaccination history documented and 97% were not advised to attend their GPs for vaccinations. Conclusion Despite the existence of international guidelines, poor compliance to vaccination in patients with IBD has been shown in line with previous reports (2). This suboptimal vaccination compliance could be partly due to poor documentation and the retrospective method of data collection. However, there is clearly an urgent need for education and execution of vaccination guidelines in IBD. This implementation of work is now ongoing at our unit through automatic formal standard vaccination notification on every IBD clinic visit, which will be further re-audited in 6 months’ time.

scholarly journals Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on Infection Prevention for Healthcare Personnel Caring for Patients With Suspected or Known Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B Lynch ◽  
Perica Davitkov ◽  
Deverick J Anderson ◽  
Adarsh Bhimraj ◽  
Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Guideline Panel ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Specific Care

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus that can infect healthcare personnel (HCP) and patients in healthcare settings. Specific care activities, in particular, aerosol-generating procedures, may have a higher risk of transmission. The rapid emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has created significant challenges in healthcare facilities, particularly with severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect HCP. Evidence-based recommendations for what PPE to use in conventional, contingency, and crisis standards of care are needed. Where evidence is lacking, the development of specific research questions can help direct funders and investigators. Objective Our objective was to develop evidence-based rapid guidelines intended to support HCP in their decisions about infection prevention when caring for patients with suspected or known coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel that included front-line clinicians, infectious diseases specialists, experts in infection control, and guideline methodologists with representation from the disciplines of preventive care, public health, medical microbiology, pediatrics, critical care medicine, and gastroenterology. The process followed a rapid recommendation checklist. The panel prioritized questions and outcomes. Then, a systematic review of the peer-reviewed and gray literature was conducted. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence and make recommendations. Results The IDSA guideline panel agreed on 8 recommendations and provided narrative summaries of other interventions undergoing evaluations. Conclusions Using a combination of direct and indirect evidence, the panel was able to provide recommendations for 8 specific questions on the use of PPE for HCP who provide care for patients with suspected or known COVID-19. Where evidence was lacking, attempts were made to provide potential avenues for investigation. Significant gaps in the understanding of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 remain, and PPE recommendations may need to be modified in response to new evidence.

Prevention and Control of Varicella-Zoster Infections in Healthcare Facilities

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 694-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Weber ◽  
William A. Rutala ◽  
Holli Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
And Control
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