Estimating the Efficiency of the “Proactive Behavior Training” in the Formation of the Doctor’s Adherence to Preventive Work

Today the public health service faces numerous pressing challenges, including not only treatment, but also prevention of diseases. A theoretical analysis of materials on this topic shows that insufficient adherence of doctors to preventive work can be associated not only with a high level of their professional burnout, but also with their usual reactive coping strategies, which is caused by the traditional conservatism of the medical community. Previous studies have shown that the solution to the described problem may lie in the formation of a system of proactive coping behaviors and reduction of professional burnout among doctors. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training developed by V.Yu. Slabinsky and N.M. Voishcheva in the formation of a doctors adherence to preventive work. The sample consisted of 125 people (112 women, 13 men). Their age range was from 24 to 68 years. The work experience ranged from less than 1 year to 45 years. The experimental group and the control group consisted of 64 and 61 people respectively. The research was conducted using the following techniques: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI); Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI); BAK conflict; projective test My job; and case method (unstructured cases). The statistical analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test for compare the test results before and after the training, and the Fisher criterion (*-criterion) for check statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of the selected criteria. The results of the case method were processed by content analysis. It was revealed that, in primary care physicians (PCPs), the Proactive Behavior Training develops a system of proactive coping strategies (proactive overcoming, reflexive overcoming, preventive overcoming, seeking instrumental support and seeking emotional support); it reduces the level of professional burnout (increasing professional success and reducing emotional exhaustion) and potentiates the positive past time perspective. A positive influence on the emotional and imaginative perception of physicians of their professional activities was found, which is confirmed by the results of the projective test My job. It was noted that the participants in the training developed such traits as diligence, optimism and tenderness, which contributes to the manifestation of a more humane attitude towards their patients, and, as a consequence, a greater efficiency in their preventive activities. These results, as well as the content analysis data for the texts of the tasks completed by the doctors and reviews obtained from the heads of the medical organizations, the employees of which participated in the training, confirm the efficiency of the Proactive Behavior Training in developing the PCPs adherence to preventive work.

Current Problems of Preventing Aggressive Behavior in the Educational Environment: A Case Study of Three Schools in the Russian Countryside

Among the most acute socio-pedagogical problems facing the modern Russian school is the increasing number of aggressive manifestations in the educational environment. This situation actualizes the schools need for the prevention and correction of aggressive behavior. The article presents the results of a socio-pedagogical research, the purpose of which was to identify the types and forms of aggressive behavior in the educational environment and to explore the current state of preventive work. The study was conducted by the Institute for the Study of Childhood, Family and Upbringing in July 2021 in the form of a questionnaire survey of directors of educational organizations. The methodology of the research included a socio-pedagogical analysis of situations of aggressive manifestations among students, teachers and parents; study of social, environmental, family and personal factors of aggressive behavior; and identification of mechanisms for preventing aggressive behavior in the educational environment. The results are presented in the format of socio-psychological portraits of three schools located in the countryside, which are prominent representatives of Russian rural society. The study made it possible to draw the following main conclusions: (1) preventive work becomes an independent type of pedagogical work; (2) cyber-aggression, which was actively manifested during the period of distance learning and now requires comprehensive preventive work with students, teachers, and parents, is an over-pressing problem for educational organizations; (3) todays school is faced with the urgent task of developing and implementing programs for the prevention and correction of aggressive behavior. The ideas presented in the article can be used in the practice of educational organizations of different types.

Technical and Forensic Support for the Prevention of Penitentiary Crimes

Crimes committed by convicts serving criminal punishments present an urgent social problem. Although inmates are isolated and under constant control, the number of penitentiary crimes is growing. The identification of the whole complex of circumstances contributing to penitentiary crimes and their elimination are a guarantee of successful work on preventing crimes of this type. The potential of modern achievements in science and technology should be actively used in preventive work. Many legal scholars stress that the possibilities of using technical means, techniques and methods in the process of preventing crime (including penitentiary crime) are undervalued. Employees of preliminary investigation bodies and penitentiary institutions, in their turn, do not give value to the technical-forensic support (and sometime do not simply understand its possibilities) of preventing penitentiary crime. At the same time, their high priority and value in the organization of preventive work is beyond doubt. The article describes the theoretical basis of using technical-forensic means, offers their classification, shows key spheres of their use. The author stresses the preventive potential of special equipment available in each correctional institution (technical means of security and supervision). The article presents and offers a detailed classification of technical-forensic means, techniques and methods of preventing penitentiary crimes.

THE SPECIFIC OF PREVENTIVE WORK WITH EXTREMIST PRISONERS ON THE EXAMPLE OF UK PRISONS

Проблемы распространения экстремизма и радикализации общества является одной из первостепенных проблем любого государства. Последствия насильственных преступлений, совершаемых по экстремистским мотивам, всегда поражают своей циничностью, безжалостностью и порождают страх у всего общества. Наши исправительные учреждения тоже столкнулись с проблемами распространения и пропаганды экстремизма среди осужденных со стороны лиц, отбывающих наказание за эти преступления. Однако, как показывает практика, эта проблема актуальна для пенитенциарных учреждений государств всего мира. Поэтому изучение опыта одной из европейских стран представляется интересным с точки зрения заимствования наиболее эффективных профилактических мероприятий при борьбе с экстремизмом. В статье автором анализируются итоги исследования, проведенного в Великобритании, целью которого было изучение масштабов и характера радикализации осужденных в трех тюрьмах строгого режима Англии и Уэльса. В ходе данного исследования был составлен криминологический портрет осужденного, склонного к радикализации, выявлены основные причины распространения экстремизма в тюрьмах, среди которых особенно выделяются проблемы, связанные с сокращением численности сотрудников, увеличением числа вакантных должностей. Кроме того, отсутствие опыта работы именно с осужденными-мусульманами у персонала тюрем, связанного с непониманием ими основ мусульманской религии, ее ценностей, а также отсутствие профессионально подготовленных капелланов, привели к резкому росту экстремизма. Автором изучены все мероприятия, проведенные на уровне уголовно-исполнительной политики государства с целью профилактики экстремизма в тюрьмах. К таким относится создание в 2016 г. нового государственного управления по вопросам безопасности, порядка и борьбы с терроризмом, а также мероприятия, направленные на обучение персонала, координацию деятельности оперативных служб, выявление наиболее «уязвимых» лиц для радикализации, решение кадровых вопросов с подбором персонала. В результате это привело к сокращению роста распространения экстремизма в тюрьмах Великобритании. The problems of the spread of extremism and the radicalization of society is one of the primary problems of any state. The consequences of violent crimes committed for extremist motives are always striking in their cynicism, ruthlessness and generate fear in the whole society. Our correctional institutions have also faced problems with the spread and propaganda of extremism among convicts, on the part of persons serving sentences for these crimes. But as practice shows, absolutely all penitentiary institutions of the world have faced this. Therefore, studying the experience of one of the European countries seems interesting, from the point of view of borrowing positive experience, the most effective preventive measures in the fight against extremism. The author analyzes the results of a study conducted in Great Britain, which sought to examine the extent and nature of radicalization of convicts in three maximum security prisons in England and Wales. In the course of this study, a criminological portrait of a convict prone to radicalization was compiled, the main causes of the spread of extremism in prisons were identified, among which the problems associated with a reduction in the number of employees and an increase in the number of vacant positions are particularly highlighted. In addition, the lack of experience of working with Muslim convicts among prison staff, due to their lack of understanding of the basics of the Muslim religion, its values, as well as the lack of professionally trained chaplains, led to a sharp increase in extremism. The author has studied all the measures carried out at the level of the state's penal policy in order to prevent extremism in prisons. These include the creation in 2016 of a new State Department for security, order and the fight against terrorism, as well as measures aimed at training personnel, coordinating the activities of operational services, identifying the most "vulnerable" persons for radicalization, and resolving personnel issues with recruitment. As a result, this has led to a reduction in the growth of extremism in UK prisons.

PROGNOSTIC PARAMETERS AND RISKS OF STUDY OVERLOAD IN ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

The paper presents the results of an empirical study on study overload in adolescent students. The theoretical and methodological grounding of the study is given. The objective relevance of the problem of study overload for the modern system of general education is shown. The nature and manifestations of study overload in the educational process were studied through cause-effect relations. Psychodiagnostic data was subjected to mathematical and statistical processing (correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis), classified, summarized, and interpreted. The results obtained in the empirical study allowed us to understand the prognosis and risks of study overload formation on psychological well-being in adolescence. The conclusion is given that study overload is caused not at the expense of the students’ main study load but as a result of attending additional types of educational classes. The results obtained concluded that one in five adolescent students have a significant, often maximum, pronounced excess of study load. Moreover, one in four students experience the presence of moderate study overload. To prevent study overload, we state that one should focus not only on the normative regulation of certain types of educational activities but also on the students’ subjective state. Recommendations of possible directions of preventive work with students on psychological prevention of study overload are outlined.

POLICY OF PREVENTIVE WORK WITH JUVENILE DRUG USERS IN THE USA

This article deals with the problem of preventive work with young drug users. This is one of the most important problems in the world, including the USA. Substance misuse can put individual users and others among them at risk of harm. Early substance misuse and substance use disorders are associated with a variety of negative results, including deteriorating relationships, poor school performance, loss of employment, diminished mental health and increases in sickness and death. It is therefore critical to prevent the full spectrum of substance misuse problems in addition to treating those with substance use disorders. The aim of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of preventive work with young drug users in USA. Theoretical research methods have been used in this study: analysis of scientific sources, systematisation and generalisation of available data; defining of the essence of basic concepts; identification of the current state of the problem. The results of investigation give possibility to state that preventing or reducing early substance use initiation, substance misuse and the harms related to misuse requires the implementation of the effective programs and policies that address substance misuse across the lifespan. The effective prevention programs exist in the USA, and if implemented well, they can markedly reduce substance misuse and related threats to the health of population. There are three main categories of prevention interventions: universal, selected and indicated. Universal interventions are aimed at all members of a given population; selective interventions are aimed at a subgroup determined to be at high risk for substance; indicated interventions are targeted to individuals who are already using substance but have not developed a substance use disorder. It is recommended to provide a mix of universal, selective and indicated preventive intervention. Different programs are used for different categories of population. The program «Family Partnership» is focused on children younger than age 5. «The Good Behavior Game» and «Classroom-Centered Intervention» is an universal elementary school-based prevention program. For adolescents aged 10 to 18 programs «Life Skills Training» and «Towards No Drug Abuse» are used. There are also family-based programs («Strengthening Family», «For Parents and Youth»), program for College Students («Brief Alcohol Screening»), Internet-based program («I hear what you are saying») and many others. drug; juvenile; youth; preventive work; rehabilitation; programs of prevention; USA.

Prevention of the Development of Chronic Diseases in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

The article discusses the features of the prevention of chronic diseases in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is known that patients suffering from various chronic diseases have weakened immunity, and this forces doctors to attribute such patients to the risk group, whose participants are most susceptible to the severe course of coronavirus disease. In light of all the above, the main task of medical workers today is to prevent the development of chronic diseases as such, and therefore the prevention of chronic diseases in general is a priority for medicine today. An attempt to preserve the health of the nation and prevent the mortality rate from increasing is the main task of doctors, secondary and junior medical personnel. That is why preventive work among the population, especially the older age group, should be carried out actively and systematically today.

Psychological and pedagogical foundations of preventive work in educational institutions

Theoretical analysis was used in this article to define the concepts of a teenager's social deviation prevention and the degree of elaboration of the issue in question in the literature. Via modeling, the authors described sections of the psychological and pedagogical foundations of preventive work at school. Mathematical methods were used for processing and presenting the course fragment introduction results. General logical methods were applied for the work text design, conclusion formulation. Future teachers' readiness for preventive work is characterized; the theory key points and methods of prevention of social deviations at schools are presented; the developed content introduction into work with students receiving pedagogical education with two educational profiles (majoring in “Primary Education and Life Safety”) (based on the “pedagogy” course material) is described; methodological recommendations for teaching the course are highlighted.

DYNAMICS OF INDICATORS OF DECIDUOUS TEETH CARIES IN CHILDREN 3-5 YEARS OLD

Children's dental health has always been and remains an extremely important issue in modern society. According to the WHO, the incidence of dental caries in different countries and among different contingents ranges from 80% to 98%. In recent decades, there has been a growing trend among children. Of particular concern is the significant incidence of early dental caries in children, which is up to two years 62%, and at three years 70.3%. Effective prevention programs and early treatment of caries can improve the quality of children's dental health, and consequently the quality of their general physical health. The aim of our study was to study the dynamics of caries of deciduous teeth (prevalence, intensity, treatment necessity of deciduous teeth, the level of dental aid) in 3-5 years old aged children (observation during the year). All children were examined for the prevalence (%) and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth by the DEF-index and their increase was found in all age groups. The increase in caries for each age group is from 0.2 to 0.3 teeth. The prevalence of caries was studied at each age. 3-year-old children had a caries prevalence of 36.0 ± 6.85%. One year after the first examination, the prevalence of caries in 4-year-old children was now 42.0 ± 7.05%, which is 6% more than a year ago. The same trend is observed in children in the period from 4 to 5 years. The increase in the prevalence of caries in this group for the year is 6.7%. And in the group 5-year-old children the increase in the prevalence of caries per year was 3.1%. Comparison of children 4-year-old, but different groups did not reveal a significant difference. And at the age of 5 a probable difference in the prevalence of caries was revealed. Children with preventive work had a prevalence of 44.0 ± 5.77% against a group of children who were not provided with recommendations for maintaining dental health (65.3 ± 4.91%). In general, in children 3-5-years-old during first examination, the prevalence of caries was 49.1 ± 7.21%. During the year, the increase in the prevalence of caries in the same group of children, but 4-6-years-old, is only 4.9%. The intensity of caries indicates a slight increase in the number of teeth with caries in each group of children. But a comparison of this indicator in children of the same age of different periods of the survey revealed a probable difference at the age of 5 years (1.9 ± 0.35 teeth) (children who were recommended) against 2.7 ± 0.33 teeth (examined 1 year ago).The treatment necessity of deciduous teeth is 54% and the level of dental aid is 13%. Carrying out preventive work with children and their parents on selection of subjects and means of hygiene, regular care of an oral cavity, observance of a healthy food, necessity of sanitation of an oral cavity gave the chance to increase quantity of fillings at children of 4-6 years in comparison with 3-5 years and reducing the number of removed teeth due to complicated caries. Effective prevention programs and early treatment of caries can improve the quality of children's dental health, and consequently the quality of their general physical health. Timely and planned oral hygiene is a common and effective method of prevention of caries and periodontal disease in young patients. That is why a significant place in the prevention of caries in children is occupied by hygienic education and upbringing of children and their parents.

Restrictive measures of a criminal law nature in the system of legal regulation of prevention and to combat domestic violence

The article is devoted to the study of the system of state measures applied to persons, who are suspected, accused of committing or having committed domestic violence, as well as determining the place of restrictive measures of a criminal law nature in the proposed system. For this purpose, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the legislative regulation of state measures applicable to persons suspected of committing or having committed domestic violence at all levels of №rmative legal regulation; to delimitate the terms “restrictive measure”, “precautionary measure”, “restrictive prescription” and “temporary prohibition injunction” and to analyse the expediency of the new term “security measures” proposed by the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The result of the conducted study is an analysis of the existing state measures to combat domestic violence in order to form a system of special measures to combat domestic violence, as well as examination of the issue concerning the place of restrictive measures of a criminal law nature applicable to persons having committed domestic violence. So, today, the system of special measures to combat domestic violence consists of types of measures to temporarily restrict the rights and obligations of the perpetrator who committed domestic violence, as well as to a person suspected, accused or committed a criminal offense related to domestic violence. The types of such measures are taking the offender into preventive registration and carrying out preventive work with him; referral of the offender to the offender program; a temporary injunction; a restrictive prescription of a civil nature a restrictive measure of a criminal procedure nature applicable to persons suspected or accused of committing domestic violence; and a restrictive measure of a criminal nature nature applicable to persons who have committed domestic violence having different preconditions, grounds , subjects and the term of appointment, but have the sole intention of protecting persons suffering from domestic violence.