Relationships Among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
The Brain

Summing Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.

scholarly journals IL CONTROLLO NEUROENDOCRINO DEL COMPORTAMENTO ALIMENTARE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Cavagnini
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Adiposity Signals ◽  
The Brain

Appetite is regulated by a complex system of central and peripheral signals that interact in order to modulate eating behavior according the individual needs, i.e. the fasting or fed condition and the general nutritional status. Peripheral regulation includes adiposity signals and satiety signals, while central control is accomplished by several effectors, including the neuropeptidergic, monoaminergic and endocannabinoid systems. Adiposity signals inform the brain of the general nutritional status of the subject as indicated by the extent of fat depots. Indeed, leptin produced by the adipose tissue and insulin, whose pancreatic secretion tends to increase with the increase of fat mass, convey to the brain an anorexigenic message. Satiety signals, including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), originate from the gastrointestinal tract during a meal and, through the vagus nerve, reach the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the caudal brainstem. From NTS afferents fibers project to the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, where satiety signals are integrated with adiposity signals and with several hypothalamic and supra-hypothalamic inputs, thus creating a complex network of neural circuits that finally elaborate the most appropriate response, in terms of eating behavior. In more detail, ARC neurons secrete a number of neuropeptides with orexigenic properties, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP), or anorexigenic effects such as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Other brain areas involved in the control of food intake are located downstream the ARC: among these, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which produces anorexigenic peptides such as thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and oxytocin, the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) and perifornical area (PFA), secreting the orexigenic substances orexin-A (OXA) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). Recently, a great interest has developed for endogenous cannabinoids, important players in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. In the same context, increasing evidence is accumulating for a role played by the microbiota, the trillion of microorganism populating the human gastrointestinal tract. The complex interaction between the peripheral organs and the central nervous system has generated the concept of gut-brain axis, now incorporated into the physiology. A better understanding of the mechanisms governing the eating behavior will allow the development of drugs capable of reducing or enhancing food consumption.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar Untuk Mengidentifikasi Kesehatan Bayi Berdasarkan Tingkat Bilirubin Pada Bayi Dengan Metode Forward Chaining

Respati ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Fatkhurohman
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Previous Prediction ◽  
Rule Out

INTISARIKeadaan bayi saat lahir terkadang sulit diprediksi, hal ini terjadi karena saat berada di dalam kandungan keadaan bayi tidak dapat terlihat secara jelas. Walaupun telah dilakukan scaning dengan alat Ultrasonografi atau yang sering kita sebut dengan Usg baik yang 3 dimensi ataupun 4 dimensi tidak menutup kemungkinan ketika keluar lahir keadaan menjadi berbeda dengan prediksi sebelumnya. Hal ini terjadi karena tumbuh kembang bayi saat berada di dalam kandungan juga seringkali terjadi perubahan. Biasanya ketika lahir sang bayi mendapat beberapa masalah yang serius seperti berat badan, sistem pencernaan dan mungkin juga sampai terindikasi sakit kuning. Penyakit kuning ini merupakan kondisi bayi yang ditandai dengan menguningnya kulit, sklera (bagian putih dari mata), serta membran mukosa hidung dan mulut akibat penumpukan bilirubin di dalam darah dan jaringan-jaringan tubuh lain. Gejala lainnya bisa berupa urine yang berwarna keruh (gelap) dan tinja yang berwarna pucat. Jika hal ini dibiarkan berlalu larut maka kesehatan sang bayi akan terus menurun dan bisa berdampak fatal bagi si bayi seperti kelainan motorik, kelainan perkembangan, bahkan bisa sampai meracuni otak dan banyak lagi. Maka dari itu penelitian ini dibuat untuk membantu memprediksi tingkat kesehatan bayi yang baru lahir dengan membuat sebuah system pakar untuk mengidentifikasi kesehatan bayi berdasarkan tingkat bilirubin pada bayi.Kata kunc -- Ultrasonografi, lahir, sklera, bilirubin, sistem pakar ABSTRACTThe situation of the baby birth is unpredicteble, this happens because when in the womb the situation of the baby can not be seen clearly. Although scaning with Ultrasonography tools or what we often call Ultrasound either 3 dimensions or 4 dimensions does not rule out the possibility that when the birth comes out the situation becomes different from the previous prediction. This case happens because the baby's growth and development while in the womb also often changes. Usually when the baby gets some serious problems such as weight, digestive system and maybe also until indicated jaundice. This jaundice is a baby's condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, sclera (the white part of the eye), as well as nasal and oral mucous membranes due to accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and other body tissues. Other symptoms can be a cloudy urine (dark) and pale stools. If this is allowed to pass late then the baby's health will continue to decline and can have a fatal impact on the baby such as motor abnormalities, developmental abnormalities, and even poisoning the brain and more. Therefore this study was made to help predict the health level of newborns by creating an expert system to identify the health of infants based on bilirubin levels in infants.Keywords -- Ultrasonography, birth, sclera, bilirubin, expert system

scholarly journals The effect of an 8-week mindful eating intervention on anticipatory reward responses in the midbrain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieneke K Janssen ◽  
Iris Duif ◽  
Anne EM Speckens ◽  
Ilke van Loon ◽  
Jeanne HM de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Mindful Eating ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Reward Anticipation ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

AbstractObesity is a highly prevalent disease, usually resulting from chronic overeating. Accumulating evidence suggests that increased neural responses during the anticipation of high caloric food play an important role in overeating. A promising method to counteract enhanced food anticipation in overeating might be mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). However, how MBIs can affect food reward anticipation neurally has never been studied. In this randomized, actively controlled study we aimed to investigate whether an 8-week mindful eating intervention decreases reward anticipation in striatal and midbrain reward regions. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we tested 58 healthy subjects with a wide body mass index range (BMI: 19-35 kg/m2), who were motivated to change their eating behavior. During scanning they performed an incentive delay task, measuring neural reward anticipation responses to caloric and monetary cues before and after 8 weeks of mindful eating or educational cooking (active control). Relative to educational cooking (active control), mindful eating decreased reward anticipation responses to food, but not to monetary reward cues, in the midbrain, but not the striatum. The effects were specific to reward anticipation and did not extend to reward receipt. These results show that an 8-week mindful eating intervention may decrease the salience of food cues specifically, which could result in decreased food-cue triggered overeating on the long term.Significance statementMindfulness-based interventions have been shown effective in reducing disordered eating behavior in clinical as well as non-clinical populations. Here, we present the first randomized actively controlled study investigating the effects of mindfulness on reward anticipation in the brain. Using fMRI we show that midbrain responses to caloric, but not monetary, reward cues are reduced following an 8-week intervention of mindful eating relative to educational cooking (active control). Mindful eating interventions may thus be promising in counteracting reward cue-driven overeating, particularly in our obesogenic environment with food cues everywhere. Moreover, our data show that specific mindfulness-based interventions can target specific reward-cue responses in the brain, which might be relevant in other compulsive behaviors such as addiction.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis by probiotics: A promising anti-depressant approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koumudhi Rajanala ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Human Digestive System ◽  
The Brain

: The human digestive system is embedded with trillions of microbes of various species and genera. These organisms serve several purposes in human body and exist in symbiosis with the host. Their major role is involved in digestion and conversion of food materials into many useful substrates for human body. Apart from this, the gut microbiota also maintains healthy communication with other body parts including the brain. The connection between gut microbiota and brain is termed as Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) and these connections are established by neuronal, endocrine and immunological pathways. Thus, they are involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology of several diseases like Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Depression and Autism. There are several food supplements such as prebiotics and probiotics the modulate the composition of gut microbiota. This article provides a review about the role of gut microbiota in depression and supplements such as probiotics that are useful in the treatment of depression.

scholarly journals Cerebral μ-opioid and CB1-receptor systems have distinct roles in human feeding behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatu Kantonen ◽  
Tomi Karjalainen ◽  
Laura Pekkarinen ◽  
Janne Isojärvi ◽  
Kari Kalliokoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
External Eating ◽  
Eating Styles ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

AbstractEating behavior varies greatly between healthy individuals, but the neurobiological basis of these trait-like differences in feeding remains unknown. Central μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and cannabinoid CB1-receptors (CB1R) regulate energy balance via multiple neural pathways, promoting food intake and reward. Because obesity and eating disorders have been associated with alterations in brain’s opioid and endocannabinoid signaling, the variation in MOR and CB1R systems could potentially underlie distinct eating behavior phenotypes, also in non-obese population. In this retrospective positron emission tomography (PET) study, we analyzed [11C]carfentanil PET scans of MORs from 92 healthy subjects (70 males and 22 females), and [18F]FMPEP-d2 scans of CB1Rs from 35 subjects (all males, all also included in the [11C]carfentanil sample). Eating styles were measured with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). We found that lower cerebral MOR availability was associated with increase in external eating – individuals with low MORs reported being more likely to eat in response to environment’s palatable food cues. CB1R availability was negatively associated with multiple eating behavior traits. We conclude that although MORs and CB1Rs overlap anatomically and functionally in the brain, they have distinct roles in mediating individual feeding patterns.

scholarly journals ADRENALINE, AND WHAT PROCESSES OCCUR UNDER ITS ACTION IN OUR BODY

2021 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
Sherzod Ibragimov ◽  
Dilafruza Rustamova ◽  
Aziza Ganieva ◽  
Zarina Zubaydilloeva ◽  
Kamilla Raiimzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

In this article, we will consider the principle of one of the most tangible and powerful mediators functioning in the body. Adrenaline (epinephrine - in the USA) is simple to outrage, in super stressful situations it turns on and saves a life. He, as a professional bodyguard, is inactive 99% of the time, but at 1%, works quickly, hard, effectively. Adrenaline is generally a hormone, but structurally close to noradrenaline. Similar effects, only with a sense of fear and anxiety. The hormone, which is produced by the brain substance of the adrenal glands, which plays a special role in the adaptation mechanism of the body to stressful circumstances (often they say this: "struggle or flight"). Its effect on the body is quite diverse, it increases the strength and speed of the heartbeat, the frequency and depth of breathing, causes a cast of blood from the skin and digestive system, and flushes to the heart and mice, and also stimulates the production of glucose in the liver to increase the amount of energy by increased breathing. Synthetic adrenaline is used in some cases as a medicine, especially when removing patients from a state of shock or after cardiac arrest.

scholarly journals Improvement in Uncontrolled Eating Behavior after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Is Associated with Alterations in the Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis in Obese Women

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien S. Dong ◽  
Arpana Gupta ◽  
Jonathan P. Jacobs ◽  
Venu Lagishetty ◽  
Elizabeth Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
The Brain

Background: Bariatric surgery is proven to change eating behavior and cause sustained weight loss, yet the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not clearly understood. We explore this in a novel way by examining how bariatric surgery affects the brain–gut–microbiome (BGM) axis. Methods: Patient demographics, serum, stool, eating behavior questionnaires, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were collected before and 6 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Differences in eating behavior and brain morphology and resting-state functional connectivity in core reward regions were correlated with serum metabolite and 16S microbiome data. Results: LSG resulted in significant weight loss and improvement in maladaptive eating behaviors as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Brain imaging showed a significant increase in brain volume of the putamen (p.adj < 0.05) and amygdala (p.adj < 0.05) after surgery. Resting-state connectivity between the precuneus and the putamen was significantly reduced after LSG (p.adj = 0.046). This change was associated with YFAS symptom count. Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Holdemanella were associated with reduced connectivity between these areas. Metabolomic profiles showed a positive correlation between this brain connection and a phosphatidylcholine metabolite. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery modulates brain networks that affect eating behavior, potentially through effects on the gut microbiota and its metabolites.

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