The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution

1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Aiello ◽  
Peter Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Summing Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.

Evolution of vertebrate brain size is associated with sexual traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-416
Author(s):  
Mao Jun Zhong ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Jian Ping Yu ◽  
Wen Bo Liao
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Finite Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Sexual Traits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Abstract The expensive tissue hypothesis predicts a trade-off between investments in the brain and other energetically costly organs due to the costs associated with their growth and maintenance within the finite energy resources available. However, few studies address the strength of relationships between brain size and investments in precopulatory (ornaments and armaments) and postcopulatory (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits. Here, in a broad comparative study, we tested the prediction that the relationship between brain size and investment in sexual traits differs among taxa relative to the importance of sperm competition within them. We found that brain size was negatively correlated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in anurans and primates, and it tended to decrease with SSD in ungulates and cetaceans. However, brain size did not covary significantly with armaments (e.g., canine length, horn, antler, and muscle mass). Brain size was not correlated with postcopulatory sexual traits (testes and ejaculates). The intensity of covariance between brain size and precopulatory sexual traits decreased with increasing relative testis size.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar Untuk Mengidentifikasi Kesehatan Bayi Berdasarkan Tingkat Bilirubin Pada Bayi Dengan Metode Forward Chaining

Respati ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Fatkhurohman
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Previous Prediction ◽  
Rule Out

INTISARIKeadaan bayi saat lahir terkadang sulit diprediksi, hal ini terjadi karena saat berada di dalam kandungan keadaan bayi tidak dapat terlihat secara jelas. Walaupun telah dilakukan scaning dengan alat Ultrasonografi atau yang sering kita sebut dengan Usg baik yang 3 dimensi ataupun 4 dimensi tidak menutup kemungkinan ketika keluar lahir keadaan menjadi berbeda dengan prediksi sebelumnya. Hal ini terjadi karena tumbuh kembang bayi saat berada di dalam kandungan juga seringkali terjadi perubahan. Biasanya ketika lahir sang bayi mendapat beberapa masalah yang serius seperti berat badan, sistem pencernaan dan mungkin juga sampai terindikasi sakit kuning. Penyakit kuning ini merupakan kondisi bayi yang ditandai dengan menguningnya kulit, sklera (bagian putih dari mata), serta membran mukosa hidung dan mulut akibat penumpukan bilirubin di dalam darah dan jaringan-jaringan tubuh lain. Gejala lainnya bisa berupa urine yang berwarna keruh (gelap) dan tinja yang berwarna pucat. Jika hal ini dibiarkan berlalu larut maka kesehatan sang bayi akan terus menurun dan bisa berdampak fatal bagi si bayi seperti kelainan motorik, kelainan perkembangan, bahkan bisa sampai meracuni otak dan banyak lagi. Maka dari itu penelitian ini dibuat untuk membantu memprediksi tingkat kesehatan bayi yang baru lahir dengan membuat sebuah system pakar untuk mengidentifikasi kesehatan bayi berdasarkan tingkat bilirubin pada bayi.Kata kunc -- Ultrasonografi, lahir, sklera, bilirubin, sistem pakar ABSTRACTThe situation of the baby birth is unpredicteble, this happens because when in the womb the situation of the baby can not be seen clearly. Although scaning with Ultrasonography tools or what we often call Ultrasound either 3 dimensions or 4 dimensions does not rule out the possibility that when the birth comes out the situation becomes different from the previous prediction. This case happens because the baby's growth and development while in the womb also often changes. Usually when the baby gets some serious problems such as weight, digestive system and maybe also until indicated jaundice. This jaundice is a baby's condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, sclera (the white part of the eye), as well as nasal and oral mucous membranes due to accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and other body tissues. Other symptoms can be a cloudy urine (dark) and pale stools. If this is allowed to pass late then the baby's health will continue to decline and can have a fatal impact on the baby such as motor abnormalities, developmental abnormalities, and even poisoning the brain and more. Therefore this study was made to help predict the health level of newborns by creating an expert system to identify the health of infants based on bilirubin levels in infants.Keywords -- Ultrasonography, birth, sclera, bilirubin, expert system

scholarly journals Functional divergence of the brain-size regulating gene MCPH1 during primate evolution and the origin of humans

BMC Biology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Shi ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Qiang Lin ◽  
Xuebin Qi ◽  
Bing Su
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis by probiotics: A promising anti-depressant approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koumudhi Rajanala ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Human Digestive System ◽  
The Brain

: The human digestive system is embedded with trillions of microbes of various species and genera. These organisms serve several purposes in human body and exist in symbiosis with the host. Their major role is involved in digestion and conversion of food materials into many useful substrates for human body. Apart from this, the gut microbiota also maintains healthy communication with other body parts including the brain. The connection between gut microbiota and brain is termed as Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) and these connections are established by neuronal, endocrine and immunological pathways. Thus, they are involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology of several diseases like Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Depression and Autism. There are several food supplements such as prebiotics and probiotics the modulate the composition of gut microbiota. This article provides a review about the role of gut microbiota in depression and supplements such as probiotics that are useful in the treatment of depression.

scholarly journals ADRENALINE, AND WHAT PROCESSES OCCUR UNDER ITS ACTION IN OUR BODY

2021 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
Sherzod Ibragimov ◽  
Dilafruza Rustamova ◽  
Aziza Ganieva ◽  
Zarina Zubaydilloeva ◽  
Kamilla Raiimzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

In this article, we will consider the principle of one of the most tangible and powerful mediators functioning in the body. Adrenaline (epinephrine - in the USA) is simple to outrage, in super stressful situations it turns on and saves a life. He, as a professional bodyguard, is inactive 99% of the time, but at 1%, works quickly, hard, effectively. Adrenaline is generally a hormone, but structurally close to noradrenaline. Similar effects, only with a sense of fear and anxiety. The hormone, which is produced by the brain substance of the adrenal glands, which plays a special role in the adaptation mechanism of the body to stressful circumstances (often they say this: "struggle or flight"). Its effect on the body is quite diverse, it increases the strength and speed of the heartbeat, the frequency and depth of breathing, causes a cast of blood from the skin and digestive system, and flushes to the heart and mice, and also stimulates the production of glucose in the liver to increase the amount of energy by increased breathing. Synthetic adrenaline is used in some cases as a medicine, especially when removing patients from a state of shock or after cardiac arrest.

scholarly journals Major clinical advances of depression: now and future

2021 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 03102
Author(s):  
Peixin He ◽  
Xinyi Liu ◽  
Jiaqi Wen ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Depression Treatment ◽  
New Development ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
Clinical Advances ◽  
The Brain

Depression, as one of the largest influence disorders, needs more attention on its growing patients. Medicine treatment has been seeing as the major treatment for depression. As one of the most commonly used medicine, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIS) increases serotonin levels to treat depression effectively, and the data from clinical data prove its value. Furthermore, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) treat depression by affecting at least one neurotransmitter, generally is chemical in the brain and digestive system. Other therapies were mostly as an auxiliary, such as psychological therapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS). These therapies often work effectively by stimulating neurotransmitters’ activity and increasing the activeness of the reward system. After new study and technology production, new development like ketamine can satisfy Individual Differences by more detailed inspection. Optogenetics in auxiliary treatment can be another way to increase the exactness of ECT and VNS after solving problems such as actual circuits in the whole network. In this review, we first focus mostly on drug treatments. We then summarize current information for other treatments and discuss the mechanisms that lead to in effect. Ultimately, we predict future development in the drug and optogenetics area. The previous study on depression treatment leads us a way to discover a future solution.

scholarly journals Pathological aspects of experimental poisoning of goats by Stryphnodendron fissuratum pods (Fabaceae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Fábio S. Mendonça ◽  
Raquel F. Albuquerque ◽  
Joaquim Evêncio Neto ◽  
Lázaro M. Camargo ◽  
Renata G. S. Dória ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Epithelial Lining ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Toxic Plant ◽  
The Brain

Stryphnodendron fissuratum Mart. (Fabaceae) is an importantly toxic plant for livestock in Central-Western Brazil. Despite the recently published clinical descriptions of the poisoning, the gross and histopathological lesions of the disease needed to be better characterized. For this reason the pods of S. fissuratum were given orally to 10 young goats. The goats that received single doses of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 40 g/kg and 4 fractioned doses of 5 g/kg, died poisoned. One goat that received a single dose of 10 g/kg recovered. Only those animals that received one dose of 5 g/kg did not become ill. At post mortem examination, the main lesions were associated with the digestive system and consisted of broken up epithelium and congestion of the mucosa of forestomachs and abomasum. Widespread areas of erosion and ulcerations were observed at the reticula and abomasal mucosa. Int these areas, the main lesions were neutrophil infiltration, vacuolization of the epithelial lining, swelling and dissociation of cells with cytoplasmic eosinophilia, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and nuclear karyolysis. In the central nervous system, the main lesions were identified in the brain of goats that received 20 g/kg and 40 g/kg of pods and consisted of spongiosis of the brainstem white matter. Based on these results, it was proved that the pods of S. fissuratum are acutely toxic for goats under the conditions of this experiment. The poisoning was characterized by damage to the organs of the digestive system and the central nervous system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document