scholarly journals Characteristics of powdery mildew and its importance for wheat grown in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Pietrusińska ◽  
Anna Tratwal
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Fungal Plant Disease ◽  
High Degree

Powdery mildew of grasses and cereals (Blumeria graminis) is a fungal plant disease which is caused by species of fungi from the Erysiphaceae order. B. graminis is a biotrophic parasite, biologically diverse parasite with a high degree of specialization in certain host species and with numerous physiological breeds adapted to different varieties of a particular host species. In Poland, powdery mildew of cereals and grasses is recorded every year, and its greatest intensity is in south-eastern and south-western regions. The degree of infestation by B. graminis varies every year. This means that the disease occurs every year, in greater or lesser severity. Therefore, it requires monitoring (harmfulness thresholds) and chemical control practically in every vegetation season. Nowadays, an important role is played by immunological breeding. In breeding programs, resistance genes from wild crop forms, primitive and indigenous varieties are an effective tool. The introduction of effective resistance genes into cultivated varieties is a common procedure used in breeding program.<br />The aim of this study was to describe the fungal disease of plants from the group of powdery mildews caused by <br /> B. graminis as an overview.

scholarly journals The barley immune receptor Mla recognizes multiple pathogens and contributes to host range dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bettgenhaeuser ◽  
Inmaculada Hernández-Pinzón ◽  
Andrew M. Dawson ◽  
Matthew Gardiner ◽  
Phon Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
Barley Powdery Mildew ◽  
Barley Stripe Rust

AbstractCrop losses caused by plant pathogens are a primary threat to stable food production. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that causes significant, persistent yield loss. Stripe rust exhibits host species specificity, with lineages that have adapted to infect wheat and barley. While wheat stripe rust and barley stripe rust are commonly restricted to their corresponding hosts, the genes underlying this host specificity remain unknown. Here, we show that three resistance genes, Rps6, Rps7, and Rps8, contribute to immunity in barley to wheat stripe rust. Rps7 cosegregates with barley powdery mildew resistance at the Mla locus. Using transgenic complementation of different Mla alleles, we confirm allele-specific recognition of wheat stripe rust by Mla. Our results show that major resistance genes contribute to the host species specificity of wheat stripe rust on barley and that a shared genetic architecture underlies resistance to the adapted pathogen barley powdery mildew and non-adapted pathogen wheat stripe rust.

scholarly journals Golovinomyces powdery mildews on Asteraceae in the Czech Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 163-179
Author(s):  
Barbora Mieslerová ◽  
Miloslav Kitner ◽  
Veronika Petřeková ◽  
Jitka Dvořáková ◽  
Michaela Sedlářová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Powdery mildews on the Asteraceae family were surveyed during 2007–2015 in the Czech Republic with the aim to increase our knowledge about occurrence, morphological characteristics and host specificity of powdery mildews on this family. In total, 32 host species with symptoms of powdery mildew were collected, and the fungal species were identified based on microscopic observations. These showed great variability in their morphological characteristics. Our study confirmed the high host specificity of powdery mildew species to their original hosts. A deeper knowledge of the taxonomy of the Asteraceae has brought substantial changes in the delimitation of powdery mildew species. In particular, delimitation of the three varieties of Golovinomyces asterum was studied and discussed.

Susceptibility of subterranean clover varieties to powdery mildew under controlled environment and field conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
PGH Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Field Plots

Thirty-three subterranean clover varieties, comprising 16 commercial cultivars and 17 promising midseason breeding and introduced lines, were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe polygonii) under controlled environment conditions, and where possible, comparisons were made with their performance in field plots. There were large differences between varieties in the incidence and severity of powdery mildew on plants. Under controlled environment conditions, Tallarook, CPI 47308C, CPI 89860D, 75S13-12, CPI 6.53284 CPI 89820D and Clare had the lowest levels of leaf infection, the lowest mildew sporulation scores and the least amount of leaf scorching from mildew infection. Karridale had the highest level of leaf infection, followed by 69837-1, 76841-1, Junee, Bacchus Marsh and 69S37-3. Under field conditions, Tallarook, CPI 47308C, CPI 65328A and CPI 65328F were mildew-free, while CPI 89777C, CPI 89860D, CPI 89830F, CPI 89841E, Clare and Rosedale had good resistance. Junee was clearly the most susceptible under field conditions, followed by 76S41-1, 69837-3, Karridale, Bacchus Marsh and 69S37-1. There was generally excellent correlation between the different powdery mildew disease parameters, namely leaf infection, mildew sporulation and leaf scorch, measured under controlled environment conditions, and there was also good overall correlation between controlled environment and field data. Bacchus Marsh, Junee, 69337-1, 69837-3 and 76341-1 were highly susceptible under both controlled environment and field conditions, indicating that either environment could be used to identify highly susceptible varieties. Under controlled environment conditions, a high degree of resistance was observed in Clare, CPI 47308C, CPI 65328A, CPI 89820D, CPI 89860D and 75S13-12, while field plots of the varieties Tallarook, CPI 47308C and CPI 65328A showed a complete absence of powdery mildew. These varieties may have value as parents in breeding programs for powdery mildew resistance.

Sequencing Herbarium Specimens of a Common Detrimental Plant Disease (Powdery Mildew)

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1248-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bradshaw ◽  
Patrick C. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Genomic Regions

Powdery mildew (Erysiphaceae) is a detrimental plant disease that occurs on a variety of economically important crops. Powdery mildew consists of over 873 species of fungal pathogens that affect over 10,000 plant species. Genetic identification of powdery mildew is accomplished using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster. The ITS and LSU regions of powdery mildews can be useful in ecological, epidemiological, phylogenetic, and taxonomic investigations. However, sequencing these regions is not without its challenges. For example, powdery mildew sequences are often contaminated with plant and/or fungal DNA. Also, there tends to be a limited amount and older specimens’ DNA can fragment over time. The success of sequencing powdery mildew often depends on the primers used for running polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers need to be broad enough that they match the majority of powdery mildew DNA yet specific enough that they do not align with other organisms. A review of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the powdery mildews is presented with an emphasis on sequencing the ITS + LSU genomic regions. Additionally, we introduce a new nested primer protocol for sequencing powdery mildew herbarium samples that includes six new powdery mildew-specific primers. The new sequencing protocol presented allows specimens up to 130 years old to be sequenced consistently. Sequencing herbarium specimens can be extremely useful for addressing many ecological, epidemiological, phylogenetic, and taxonomic problems in multiple plant pathogenic systems including the powdery mildews.

scholarly journals Allocation of the oat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3 to oat chromosome 1A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Consensus Map ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Major Resistance Genes

AbstractBesides the mode of inheritance, the knowledge of the chromosome location and allelic relationships are the essentials towards a successful deployment and stacking of divergent disease resistance genes for a given pathogen in breeding programs. Powdery mildew of oats, to which 11 major resistance genes in the host Avena sativa L. have been characterized so far, is a prevalent fungal disease of the crop in Northwestern Europe. In the present study, the resistance gene Pm3 was mapped by linkage analysis relative to molecular markers from oat consensus linkage group Mrg18 which was recently determined to represent oat chromosome 1A. Pm3 was located at 67.7–72.6 cM on Mrg18 of the oat consensus map, a position at which also stem and crown rust resistance genes Pg13 and Pc91 and a large cluster of resistance gene analogs have been previously mapped. The closely linked marker GMI_ES03_c2277_336 was found to be useful for the prediction of Pm3 in gene postulation studies. Although the major effect of the widespread gene got lost over time, the known genome location with associated markers will assist revealing in future genetic studies whether there is a possible residual effect of the gene contributing to adult plant resistance.

scholarly journals Powdery mildew resistance genes in barley varieties grown in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Dreiseitl ◽  
Gregory Platz
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
New Varieties

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major crop in Australia and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) is one of its most common diseases. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew were postulated for 86 Australian barley varieties and nine advanced breeding lines using 40 reference isolates of the pathogen. Fifty isolates collected in Australia in 2011 were used for additional tests of some varieties. In total, 22 known resistance genes [mlo, Mla1, MlaAl2, Mla3, Mla6, Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla12, Mla13, Mlat, Mlg, MlGa, Mlk1, MlLa, Mlra, Ml(Ab), Ml(Ch), Ml(Dr2), Ml(He2), Ml(Lo) and Ml(St)] were detected. The most frequent genes were Mla8 and Mlg present in 43 and 34 varieties, respectively, while MlGa was found in 12 varieties. Each of the specific resistance genes Mla1, Mla3, Mla6, Mla9, Mla13, Ml(St) and the non-specific recessive gene mlo was found in one variety only. The varieties Maritime and Stirling appear to carry no specific resistance genes. Fifteen unknown resistances were detected. It is recommended that Australian barley breeding programs exploit European varieties possessing mlo to improve the resistance to powdery mildew in new varieties.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of wild species of р. Malus MILL. according to powdery mildew resistance genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
A. S. Lyzhin ◽  
N. N. Savel’eva
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Scar Marker ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Mildew Resistance

Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. E tEv.) Salm.) – is one of the most widespread apple diseases in world. Identification of forms, carrying resistance genes, is an important stage in breeding programs aimed at obtaining powdery mildew resistant apple varieties. Diagnostic DNA markers of target genes will increase reliability of identification and efficiency of apple breeding for the creation of resistant genotypes. The purpose of this study was molecular genetic testing of wild species of genus Malus Mill. According to Pl-1, Pl-w and Pl-d powdery mildew resistance genes for revealing polymorphism of the studied loci and identification of valuable genotypes for breeding. The study subjects were the wild species of genus Malus Mill. of different ecological and geographic origin. The Pl-1 gene was identified using AT20-SCAR marker, Pl-w gene - EM M02 marker, Pl-d gene - EM DM01 marker. AT20-SCAR marker (Pl-1 gene) was identified in 37.3 % of genotypes. EM M02 marker (Pl-w gene) was detected in 16.4 % of the studied forms. EM DM01 marker (Pl-d gene) is present in 10.4 % of the analyzed forms. At least one of the studied molecular markers is present in the genome of 52.2 % of apple wild species. The Pl-1 gene in apple wild species is most spread in Baccatae series, the Pl-w gene - in Baccatae and Sieboldinae series, the Pl-d gene - in Orientalis series. Wild species M. baccata 2319, M. mandshurica 41947, M. sachalinensis 85, M. sachalinensis 97, M. purpurea v. pendula 2396 are characterized by combination of Pl-1 and Pl-w genes; M. turkmenorum 13283 and M. turkmenorum 29 421 - Pl-1 and Pl-d genes; M. denticulata 29416 - Pl-w and Pl-d genes, which allows to recommend them as promising complex sources of high powdery mildew resistance for breeding.

Identification of new resistance sources to powdery mildew, and the genetic characterisation of resistance in three common bean genotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Ester Murube ◽  
Ana Campa ◽  
Juan José Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Resistance Sources ◽  
Resistance Tests

Powdery mildew (PM) is a devastating disease of many legume species, including common bean. In this work, we assessed the responses of 108 dry and snap bean accessions to PM, and characterised the genetic control of the resistance in three bean genotypes. Resistance tests under controlled conditions led to the identification of 11 dry bean accessions with total resistance. However, no snap bean accessions showed total resistance, although two cultivars showed mixed phenotypes including seedlings with total resistance. The inheritance of resistance was analysed in three F2:3 populations involving the resistant bean genotypes BelNeb, G19833 and BGE003161. In the three populations, the segregation for PM resistance fit the expected ratio for one dominant gene. The resistance loci were mapped to the beginning of the linkage group Pv04. The physical positions of the flanking markers indicated that the three resistance genes were located between the physical positions 0 and 1.09 Mb. This work provides new PM-resistance sources and markers linked to resistance genes, which will be very useful in common bean breeding programs focussed on protecting bean crops against this disease.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF GRAPEVINE RESISTANCE TO DOWNY AND POWDERY MILDEW IN ‘REGENT’ × ‘BOĞAZKERE’ HYBRID POPULATION SEGREGATING FOR RESISTANCE GENES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Mina Shidfar ◽  
Murat Akkurt ◽  
Arif Atak ◽  
Ali Ergül ◽  
Gökhan Söylemezoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
New Cultivars

Downy (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysipha necator) is known as one of the most mischievous diseases for viticulture in Turkey as well as in the world. Therefore breeding studies play an important role for development of new cultivars resistant against fungal diseases. The aim of this research was to develop new F1 population and evaluate the resistance of hybrids to powdery and downy mildew via marker assisted selection (MAS). Resistant ‘Regent’ and susceptible ‘Boğazkere’ varieties were used to obtain hybrid population. A total of 6 markers belonging to 3 genomic regions were used for DNA based selection. Four SSR (UDV15, VMCNG2f12, VMC7F2 and UDV305) and two SCAR (ScORNA7-760 and ScORN3-R) markers which were developed to the resistance loci of Rpv3 and Ren3 were used for DNA based selection. The results were evaluated together with powdery mildew inoculation observations. When inoculation observations and MAS were evaluated, genotypes resistant, tolerant and susceptible to powdery and downy mildew were identified. Especially 16 genotypes identified as resistant to powdery mildew, can be used in future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Sources of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Barley Landraces from Turkey

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Jerzy H. Czembor ◽  
Elżbieta Czembor
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Barley Landraces

Powdery mildew on barley, caused by the pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, occurs worldwide and can result in severe yield loss. Germplasm of barley, including landraces, commercial cultivars, wild relatives and breeding lines are stored in more than 200 institutions. There is a need for characterization of this germplasm in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This is necessary in order to use specific accessions in breeding programs. In the present study, 129 barley landraces originated from Turkey and provided by the ICARDA genebank were tested for resistance to powdery mildew. Seedling resistance tests after inoculation with 19 differentiated isolates of B. graminis f. sp. hordei were used to postulate the presence of resistance genes. From the 129 landraces studied, plants of 19 (14.7%) of them showed resistance to infection with powdery mildew. Based on preliminary tests from these 19 landraces, 25 resistant single plant lines were selected for testing with differential powdery mildew isolates. Seven lines were resistant to all 19 isolates used. However, only one line (5583-1-4) showed resistance scores of zero against all isolates used. It is likely that this line possesses unknown, but highly effective genes for resistance. In five resistant lines it was not possible to postulate the presence of specific resistance genes. In 19 lines the presence of the genes Mlp, Mlk, Mlh, Mlg, Ml(CP), Mlat, Mla3, Mla6, Mla7 and Mla22 were postulated. These new sources of highly effective powdery mildew resistance in barley landraces from Turkey could be successfully used in breeding programs.

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