scholarly journals Dieback of Austrian pine – the epidemic occurrence of Sphaeropsis sapinea in southern Moravia

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Palovčíková
Keyword(s):  
Mass Scale ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Stress Load ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽  
Southern Moravia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opportunist Pathogen ◽  
Secondary Activation

In the course of recent years, various cases of Austrian pine dieback of all age classes have occurred in a number of localities. At all localities, Sphaeropsis shoot – killing of pine caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton syn. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. was recorded on a mass scale in declining shoots. Fruit bodies of the fungus were found on twigs, at the base of needles being particularly abundant on cones. Generally, the fungus is considered to be an opportunist pathogen which spreads on damaged tissues of shoots accelerating their dying. In trees with the same symptoms of damage, Brunchorstia pinea (Karsten) Höhn was also detected at some localities. The occurrence of scales Leucaspis pussila (Loew.) can be considered to be the demonstration of stress load of trees suffering from drought. Feeding marks of Pityophthorus pityographus (Ratzeburg) and Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) were noticed. Annual shoots were damaged by species of the genus Magdalis at some localities. The impact of climatic extremes, particularly drought the effect of which is also manifested in increments is an important predisposition factor. The situation under study is rather the result of a chronic damage to pine and secondary activation of some pathogens particularly of Sphaeropsis sapinea and pests which can occur as mortality stressors.

scholarly journals The contribution of reduced COVID-19 test time in controlling the spread of the disease: A simulation-based approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youness Frichi ◽  
Abderrahmane Ben Kacem ◽  
Fouad Jawab ◽  
Said Boutahari ◽  
Oualid Kamach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The novel coronavirus COVID-19 has known a large spread over the globe threatening human health. Recommendations from WHO and specialists insist on testing on a mass scale. However, health systems do not have enough resources. The current process requires the isolation of testees in the hospitals’ isolation rooms for several hours until the test results are revealed, limiting hospitals’ capacities to test large numbers of cases. The aim of this paper was to estimate the impact of reducing the COVID-19 test time on controlling the pandemic spread, through increasing hospitals’ capacities to test on a mass scale. First, a discrete-event simulation was used to model and simulate the COVID-19 testing process in Morocco. Second, a mathematical model was developed to demonstrate the effect of accurate identification of infected cases on controlling the disease’s spread. Simulation results showed that hospitals’ testing capacities could be increased six times if the test duration fell from 10 hours to 10 minutes. The reduction of test time would increase testing capacities, which help to identify all the infected cases. In contrast, the simulation results indicated that if the infected population is not accurately identified and no precautionary measures are taken, the virus will continue to spread until it reaches the total population. Reducing test time is a vital component of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is essential for the effective implementation of policies to contain the virus.

scholarly journals Impact of Weak Lensing Mass Calibration on eROSITA Galaxy Cluster Cosmological Studies – a Forecast

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Grandis ◽  
J J Mohr ◽  
J P Dietrich ◽  
S Bocquet ◽  
A Saro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Count Rate ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Weak Lensing ◽  
Parameter Uncertainties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mass Scaling ◽  
Mass Calibration ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We forecast the impact of weak lensing (WL) cluster mass calibration on the cosmological constraints from the X-ray selected galaxy cluster counts in the upcoming eROSITA survey. We employ a prototype cosmology pipeline to analyze mock cluster catalogs. Each cluster is sampled from the mass function in a fiducial cosmology and given an eROSITA count rate and redshift, where count rates are modeled using the eROSITA effective area, a typical exposure time, Poisson noise and the scatter and form of the observed X-ray luminosity– and temperature–mass–redshift relations. A subset of clusters have mock shear profiles to mimic either those from DES and HSC or from the future Euclid and LSST surveys. Using a count rate selection, we generate a baseline cluster cosmology catalog that contains 13k clusters over 14,892 deg2 of extragalactic sky. Low mass groups are excluded using raised count rate thresholds at low redshift. Forecast parameter uncertainties for ΩM, σ8 and w are 0.023 (0.016; 0.014), 0.017 (0.012; 0.010), and 0.085 (0.074; 0.071), respectively, when adopting DES+HSC WL (Euclid; LSST), while marginalizing over the sum of the neutrino masses. A degeneracy between the distance–redshift relation and the parameters of the observable–mass scaling relation limits the impact of the WL calibration on the w constraints, but with BAO measurements from DESI an improved determination of w to 0.043 becomes possible. With Planck CMB priors, ΩM (σ8) can be determined to 0.005 (0.007), and the summed neutrino mass limited to ∑mν < 0.241 eV (at 95%). If systematics on the group mass scale can be controlled, the eROSITA group and cluster sample with 43k objects and LSST WL could constrain ΩM and σ8 to 0.007 and w to 0.050.

Trophic Structure, Reproductive Success, and Growth Rate of Fishes in a Natural and Modified Headwater Stream

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 968-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac J. Schlosser
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Trophic Structure ◽  
Headwater Stream ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Impact

The impact of removing riparian vegetation, channel straightening, and fluctuations in flow regime on trophic structure, reproductive success, and growth rate of fishes was assessed in a natural (Jordan Creek (JC)) and modified (Big Ditch (BD)) headwater stream in east-central Illinois. Shallow habitats and organic substrates increased more in BD than JC during low flow periods in summer. Insect densities in JC were highest in late spring, declining to low levels by late summer. Insect densities in BD were high throughout summer. Fish in JC were predominantly benthic insectivores and insectivore–piscivores; trophic structure, age structure, and biomass were stable between years and seasons; recruits made up a small and stable portion of community biomass and were primarily insectivore–piscivores and generalized insectivores; younger age-classes were in shallow riffle habitats. Adult fish and recruits in BD were predominantly generalized insectivores, omnivores, and herbivore–detritivores; the last two were primarily mid-river species (Carpoides cyprinus and Dorosoma cepedianum). Considerable seasonal and annual variation in trophic structure, total biomass, and age structure occurred in BD associated with annual fluctuations in flow regime, abundance of organic substrates, and reproductive success of mid-river species. Younger age-classes had higher summer growth rates in BD than JC. The temporally variable physical environment and unstable autotrophic energy base created in modified headwater streams are probably major factors responsible for recent shifts in large river fish communities in the midwestern United States from insectivore and insectivore–piscivore species to omnivores and herbivore–detritivores.Key words: community organization, fishes, Illinois, stream continuum, stream alteration, trophic ecology, warmwater stream

scholarly journals Interaction Between Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata in Red and Jack Pine Seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Santamaría ◽  
D. R. Smith ◽  
G. R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Inoculation Site ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽  
Stem Cankers

Sphaeropsis sapinea sensu lato is a conifer fungal pathogen that causes shoot blight and stem cankers. Recently, the former S. sapinea has been divided into two species, Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata. The aims of the study were to determine the contribution of each species in disease development on red and jack pines by means of co-inoculations and molecular identifications, and to evaluate how the presence of each species affects the development and aggressiveness of the other. Symptom severity (distance below the inoculation site at which necrotic needles were observed) and identification length (the maximum distance from inoculation site from which either D. pinea or D. scrobiculata was identified using molecular methods) were recorded 4 weeks after inoculating wounded seedlings with agar plugs colonized by these pathogens. The results suggested that D. pinea was much more aggressive on both hosts than D. scrobiculata. When a seedling was co-inoculated with these pathogens, the symptom development appeared to be mainly due to D. pinea. The presence of D. pinea also interfered with the establishment of D. scrobiculata in the plant tissue. However, D. scrobiculata showed antagonism toward D. pinea. When both pathogens co-occurred in a single seedling, symptom severity caused by D. pinea was less than when D. pinea alone was present.

scholarly journals Review of Economic Stimulus Packages to Fight the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Waqas Mehmood ◽  
Rasidah Mohd-Rashid ◽  
Attia Aman Ullah ◽  
Owais Shafique
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Stimulus ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Malaysian Government

The purpose of this study is to describe the COVID-19 situation in Malaysia and the way the government of Malaysia manages the impact of this pandemic through economic recovery packages such as economic stimulus packages. This study focuses on the effects of the economic stimulus packages released by the government of Malaysia as a response to the economic recession triggered by COVID-19. Malaysia is one of the favourite tourist destinations, and the tourism industry generates about 5.9% of the country’s GDP. However, the lockdown imposed by the Malaysian government to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected almost every sector of the economy. The Malaysian government has taken several steps to control the spread of the pandemic, such as declaring hotspots of COVID-19, imposing lockdowns, and creating mass scale awareness through social media and TV channels. The government has also deployed several economic strategies such as economic stimulus packages to help industries and the people. This study concludes that the mitigation techniques, i.e., economic stimulus packages adopted are working properly; however, some improvements are required as these techniques are inadequate to manage the transmission capability and virulence of COVID-19. Thus, more attention is required for the revival of economic activities. This study helps to obtain an insight into the effects of economic packages and how effective these packages have been in managing the spread of the COVID-19 virus and mitigating the economic recession. It also provides an understanding of how these packages will help flatten the pandemic curve in the future. This study provides information on the current COVID-19 situation in Malaysia. It also offers information on the policies and methods used by the government to solve economic and public health issues. Further, this study lays out guidelines for policymakers and government officials for the development of more effective strategies for economic recovery and public health initiatives.

scholarly journals Impact of Online Banking Adoption on Bank’s Profitability: Evidence from Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Rokibul Kabir ◽  
Rabiul Hossain Dovash ◽  
Safa E Nafee ◽  
Shovan Saha
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Online Banking ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The rise in information technologies has transformed banking industry worldwide. To stay competitive, banks are introducing internet banking with the motive to achieve higher productivity and efficiency, reduce cost and increase profit. In Bangladesh, the impact of this new distribution channel in improving bank’s performance is yet to be measured. It is against this backdrop this research is conducted to identify whether performance of banks that has adopted internet banking is different from banks yet to adopt internet banking. Furthermore, it is to be seen whether there is significant change in performance of banks before and after implementation of internet banking. Performance was measured through Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Secondary data were collected from annual report of all the 30 listed banks in Bangladesh. The results revealed that ROA and ROE of banks with online banking is higher compared to banks without online bank. However, the results were insignificant. Furthermore, ROA and ROE were found out to be lower after implementation of internet banking and is statistically significant. Such findings could be attributed to the initial cost allocated for infrastructure development and fail to attract customer to adopt online banking in mass scale. Thus with investment done, the benefit could not be realized during the initial period of internet banking adoption.

scholarly journals Needle longevity as a criterion of response to a climatic fluctuation (so called heat wave) in Scots pine populations at early phases of ontogeny

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nárovec ◽  
J. Nárovcová
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Needle Longevity ◽  
Reproduction Period ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents results of an assessment of needle age classes in Scots pine partial populations in the period of three and five years after outplanting in a lowland site in relation to conditions created by climatic elements. The method is based on Skuhrav&yacute;&rsquo;s (1987) description when the state of needle age classes of the third whorl (from the apex) is evaluated just once. Five-year summary of meteorological data was assessed according to the criteria of determination of periods of heat waves and dry spells. Differences in numbers of living needle age classes in the groups of Scots pine populations in the period of three and five years after their outplanting in permanent lowland sites proved the highest total number of living needle classes in the group of local lowland populations. On the contrary, the lowest total number of living needle classes was found out in the group of mountain populations. Critical climatic periods are overlaps of heat waves and dry spells that illustrate the complexity of moisture and temperature conditions of lowland sites. Although the Scots pine is a xerophytic species, it responded to the cumulation of adverse factors by accelerated needle senescence. Its physiological response to heat and dry stress consists in needle shedding, i.e. reduction in the assimilating area. As mountain populations are not usually exposed to heat waves, the impact of this phenomenon on them was the highest. On the other hand, the local (lowland) populations carrying information on the patterns of local climate from the reproduction period do not undergo any marked reduction in needle age classes. &nbsp;

The influence of time since fire and distance from fire boundary on the distribution and abundance of arboreal marsupials in Eucalyptus regnans-dominated forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van der Ree ◽  
R. H. Loyn
Keyword(s):  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Time Since Fire ◽  
Arboreal Marsupials ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
The Impact

The impact of time since fire after two consecutive wildfires 44 years apart (1939 and 1983) within the same area, and the distance from the fire boundary (&lt;100 m or 500-2000 m), were investigated in relation to the distribution and abundance of arboreal marsupials in 1994. Arboreal marsupials were censused by stagwatching and spotlighting in two relatively young age classes of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) dominated forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Five species of arboreal marsupial were detected, but only three were detected in sufficient numbers to determine habitat preferences. Petauroides volans (greater glider) was statistically more abundant in 1939 regrowth forests, while Trichosurus caninus (mountain brushtail possum) showed no significant preference for either age class of forest. All but one record of Gymnobelideus leadbeateri (Leadbeater's possum) came from young forest, though the effect of age-class was not statistically significant. Distance from fire boundary explained little or no variation in mammal distribution or abundance. While the actual number of hollow-bearing trees was similar in both age classes of forest, the long-term lifespan of hollow-bearing trees in more recently burnt forest is predicted to be lower than in unburnt or not recently burnt forest. Post-fire salvage logging following the 1983 wildfires appears to have reduced the number of hollow-bearing trees at sites burnt in 1983.

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