The impact of climatic extremes on forests: An introduction

2005 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Innes
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Future hydrology and hydrological extremes under climate change in Asian river basins

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam Shrestha ◽  
Deg-Hyo Bae ◽  
Panha Hok ◽  
Suwas Ghimire ◽  
Yadu Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe diverse impacts of anthropogenic climate change in the spatiotemporal distribution of global freshwater are generally addressed through global scale studies, which suffer from uncertainties arising from coarse spatial resolution. Multi-catchment, regional studies provide fine-grained details of these impacts but remain less explored. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of climate change impacts on the hydrology of 19 river basins from different geographical and climatic conditions in South and Southeast Asia. We find that these two regions will get warmer (1.5 to 7.8 °C) and wetter (− 3.4 to 46.2%) with the expected increment in river flow (− 18.5 to 109%) at the end of the twenty-first century under climate change. An increase in seasonal hydro-climatic extremes in South Asia and the rising intensity of hydro-climatic extremes during only one season in Southeast Asia illustrates high spatiotemporal variability in the impact of climate change and augments the importance of similar studies on a larger scale for broader understanding.

scholarly journals Dieback of Austrian pine – the epidemic occurrence of Sphaeropsis sapinea in southern Moravia

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Palovčíková
Keyword(s):  
Mass Scale ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Stress Load ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽  
Southern Moravia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opportunist Pathogen ◽  
Secondary Activation

In the course of recent years, various cases of Austrian pine dieback of all age classes have occurred in a number of localities. At all localities, Sphaeropsis shoot – killing of pine caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton syn. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. was recorded on a mass scale in declining shoots. Fruit bodies of the fungus were found on twigs, at the base of needles being particularly abundant on cones. Generally, the fungus is considered to be an opportunist pathogen which spreads on damaged tissues of shoots accelerating their dying. In trees with the same symptoms of damage, Brunchorstia pinea (Karsten) Höhn was also detected at some localities. The occurrence of scales Leucaspis pussila (Loew.) can be considered to be the demonstration of stress load of trees suffering from drought. Feeding marks of Pityophthorus pityographus (Ratzeburg) and Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) were noticed. Annual shoots were damaged by species of the genus Magdalis at some localities. The impact of climatic extremes, particularly drought the effect of which is also manifested in increments is an important predisposition factor. The situation under study is rather the result of a chronic damage to pine and secondary activation of some pathogens particularly of Sphaeropsis sapinea and pests which can occur as mortality stressors.

Modeling the Impacts of Climatic Extremes on Interregional Freight-Transportation System

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Arash Beheshtian ◽  
R. Richard Geddes ◽  
Kieran P. Donaghy
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Commodity Flow ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
The Impact

The wellbeing of a nation is conditioned on an optimal distribution of commodity-flow. The freight transportation system, however, is exposed, and highly vulnerable, to climatic hazards. This becomes more problematic in the long term when climate change is projected to continue or worsen. Studying the long-term climate vulnerability of interregional commodity shipment is a challenging task given complexities inherent in ( a) the dynamic formulation of factors such as location, production, the interaction of regional economies, and commodity distribution patterns, and ( b) the stochastic arrival and intensity of natural hazards. This article studies the impact of projected climatic extremes in the State of New York on long-term interregional commodity-flow. It investigates the nature of and extent to which vulnerabilities in transportation infrastructure may cause sudden and profound changes in the routing assignment and cost of commodity-flows. We approximate commodity-flow assignment through a dynamic, long-term estimation of an interregional commodity-flow model reflecting the choices of households, market places, and firm locations and strategies. In the research here reported, we also utilized explicit treatment of trade in intermediate goods, the so-called new economic geography providing the behavioral foundation for production and interindustry and interregional trade, and an endogenous determination of capital investment and employment. The results show how and to what extent the (partial-)connectedness of New York State’s freight-transportation network in time of disaster ( a) causes an unmet demand for commodities across the nation’s regional economies and ( b) increases the shipment cost and effective-delivered price of commodity-flows.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Cesare Guaita ◽  
Roberto Crippa ◽  
Federico Manzini
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Organic Syntheses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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