scholarly journals Damage by deer barking and browsing and subsequent rots in Norway spruce stands of Forest Range MoP.

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Čermák ◽  
J. Glogar ◽  
L. Jankovský
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Forest District ◽  
Extensive Damage

The paper deals with the determination of the rate of damage by deer barking and browsing, the subsequent rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum and the rate of its progress, elucidates causes of damage and quantifies volume and financial losses in the region of Forest Range Mořkov, Forest District Fren&scaron;t&aacute;t pod Radho&scaron;těm. In the most damaged 2<sup>nd</sup> age class, decay by Stereum sanguinolentum was recorded in 59% of damaged trees. The progress of rot ranged from 1 to 70 cm/year. The high number of red deer is considered to be the main reason of extensive damage by bark stripping in the Forest Range Mořkov. The actual financial loss caused by depreciation of wood by the rot is greatest in the 5<sup>th</sup> age class amounting to CZK 64,320 per ha.

scholarly journals Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise “Masaryk Forest” (the Drahany Upland)

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Čermák ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Lička ◽  
J. Beránek ◽  
J. Glogar
Keyword(s):  
Red Deer ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Percentage Loss ◽  
Spruce Stands

The paper deals with determination of the rate of damage by red deer barking, determination of the rate of damage by a subsequent rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum and the rate of its progress. The paper elucidates causes of the damage and quantifies depreciation of wood by rots in the Proklest Forest Range, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise “Masaryk Forest“. The deer barking caused damage to 85% of stands. In the most damaged 2nd and 4th age classes, rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum was noticed in 89% of damaged trees. The greatest proportion is made by damage from the 70s of the last century. After the 80s, the damage occurred only exceptionally. The average percentage loss of wood is highest in the 2nd age class, viz. 38%. The determined progress of the rot ranged from 1 to 36.4 cm.year-1.

scholarly journals The effect of root rot and bark-stripping on wind stability of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) = Parastās egles (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) vēja noturības izmaiņas sakņu trupes un stumbra mizas bojājumu ietekmē

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Oskars Krisans ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Secondary Failure ◽  
Spruce Stands

Climate change causes gradual decline of economic value of Norway spruce forestry except in boreal and hemiboreal forest zones that will remain suitable for this tree species. However, also in this region frequency and scale of damages caused by natural disturbances (abiotic and biotic factors) are expected to increase. Norway spruce will remain its economic significance and role in carbon sequestration in Latvia, if forest management practices will be changed to prevent or minimize the damages caused by natural disturbances. Information on effect of natural disturbances and their interactions on trees is vital for development of recommendations for adaptation of forestry to climate change. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effect of root rot and bark-stripping on possibility of wind induced damages in Norway spruce stands. Tree mechanical stability was primarily determined by its stem volume; however, the presence of damages, caused by biotic agents, such as root rot and bark-stripping, significantly reduced it. Morphometric parameters of Norway spruce stem and root plate differed significantly between stands on drained peat and mineral soils. Root-rot notably and significantly affected mechanical stability of trees regardless of soil type and volume of root-soil plate, resulting in similar reduction of wind load necessary to cause both primary and secondary failure. Consequences of bark-stripping primarily affected root-soil anchorage, more commonly causing uprooting than stem fracture. Most pronounced was reduction of resistance against primary failure. Changing wind climate, high population density of cervids and presence of root-rot will lead to increased risk of damages caused by (repeated) storms and subsequent legacy effects. The survival of forest stands depends on dimensions of trees and exposure time to different damaging agents, and, at current climate and silvicultural practice, was significantly reduced when transitioning into third age class (41-60 years). Targeted forestry, ensuring planting of improved material, lower initial density, timely precommercial thinning and thus ensuring faster reach of the tree dimension required for final harvest will reduce the time when stands are subjected to significant wind damage risk, thus minimizing the possibility of such disturbance and boosting value of Norway spruce stands.

Determination of stress bioindicators in three norway spruce stands in northern Germany

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
D. L. Godbold ◽  
R. Feig ◽  
A. Cremer-Herms ◽  
A. Hüttermann
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Spruce Stands

scholarly journals The first reaction of soil mite fauna (Acari, Mesostigmata) caused by conversion of Norway spruce stand in the Szklarska Poręba Forest District

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skorupski ◽  
G. Butkiewicz ◽  
A. Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Common Beech ◽  
Soil Mite ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Forest District ◽  
Experimental Plots

To observe the first reaction of Mesostigmata mites for conversion of even aged spruce stands under conversion with common beech and silver fir, four pairs of experimental plots directly neighbouring each other were examined. On the spruce stands that started to be converted into beech or fir stands a few years ago, some significant composition and quantitative changes can be observed as regards Mesostigmata order mites. The first reaction of Mesostigmata mites after starting of forest conversion was an increasing number of mite species in the plots. On the plots with relatively close occurrence of beech, increasing number of specimens was also observed in plots under conversion. The share of Parasitidae family mites was decreased on the converted plots with relatively close occurrence of beech. On the converted spruce stands the percentage share of Uropodina suborder mites was found to increase or remain high.

scholarly journals Is allometry for aboveground organ’s mass estimation in young Norway spruce stands affected by different type of thinning?

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1755-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Krejza ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Irena Marková
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Tree Allometry ◽  
Mass Estimation ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Allometric Functions ◽  
Linear Regressions

The study focuses on determination of aboveground organ’s mass using allometric relationships in Norway spruce stands with different type of thinning management – thinning from below (TfB) and thinning from above (TfA). Allometric functions for predicting of stem, branch, leaf and total aboveground mass were estimated from measurements of basic stem dendrometric parameters. The highest adjusted regression coefficients were found between DBH and biomass of aboveground tree organs (adj. r2 ranged from 0.91 to 0.98). Multiple linear regressions provide correlation coefficients r2 from 0.88 to 0.98 for TfB and from 0.90 to 0.98 for TfA. The presented results showed no effect of different type of thinning application on tree allometry.

scholarly journals Determination of Pleurotus abieticola ligninolytic activity on Norway spruce wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Anna Żółciak
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Ligninolytic Activity ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Spruce Stands

Abstract The effect of Phlebiopsis gigantea treatment in control of Heterobasidion parviporum in Norway spruce is less effective than that in control of Heterobasidion annosum in pine. It is necessary to apply other fungi, for example, Pleurotus abieticola in Norway spruce stands. Thus, it is necessary to assess the activity of major ligninolytic enzymes, that is, laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase (VP) produced by P. abieticola, which may be effective in the fast degradation of Norway spruce wood. Three strains of P. abieticola (Pa1-3) were grown on pieces of Norway spruce sapwood and heartwood for 50 days in laboratory conditions. Enzymatic activity was determined using spectrophotometry. Pleurotus abieticola produced laccase, LiP, MnP and VP. The activity of laccase was low, ranging 0–3.696 and 0–0.806 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. The highest activity in Pa1 = 3.696 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and in Pa3 = 0.806 mU/μg of protein in heartwood was observed after 30 and 50 days of incubation, respectively. The activity of LiP was also low, ranging 0–0.188 and 0–0.271 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. The highest activity in Pa1 = 0.271 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and in Pa2 = 0.188 mU/μg of protein in heartwood was observed after 40 and 20 days of incubation, respectively. The activity of MnP ranged 0–17.618 and 0–12.203 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. This enzymatic activity peaked at the 50th day of culture on sapwood for the Pa3 strain (17.618 mU/μg of protein) and at the 20th day of culture on heartwood for the Pa1 strain (12.203 mU/μg of protein). The activity of VP with manganese-oxidising properties was found to be high in all strains of P. abieticola, ranging 0–39.19 and 0–59.153 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and heartwood, respectively, whereas the activity of VP with guaiacol-oxidising properties was very low for all P. abieticola strains, ranging 0–0.248 and 0–0.225 mU/μg of protein in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. The values of released hydroxyphenols in P. abieticola strains ranged 24.915–139.766 and 25.19–84.562 µg of protocatechuic acid/ml in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. The values of released methoxyphenols for the evaluated strains of P. abieticola ranged 7.225–23.789 and 1.953–20.651 µg of vanillic acid/ml in sapwood and heartwood, respectively. Further studies with a higher number of strains of this species as well as an optimisation of conditions for the measurement of ligninolytic activity are needed.

scholarly journals Progress of spreading Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. et Schw.: Fr.) Fr. wound rot and its impact on the stability of spruce stands

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Čermák ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
J. Glogar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Adaptation Potential ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Forest District

&nbsp; In 2002&ndash;2003, we conducted a detailed inventory of bark stripping damage in Forest District (FD) Mořkov (Forest Enterprise Fr&yacute;dek-M&iacute;stek) and in Forest Range (FR) Proklest (Training Forest Enterprise Křtiny). In total, 3,988 trees were examined in FD Mořkov and 1,512 trees in FR Proklest; in detail, 52 and 38 sample trees in FD Mořkov and FR Proklest, respectively. The rot spread in stems in the Proklest RD by an average rate of 15.6 cm/year, in FD Mořkov by an average rate of 23.8 cm/year. The rate of the rot spread decreases with the increasing period of parasitizing. The stem length affected by the rot ranged most frequently between 2.5 and 4.5 m (Proklest) or 2 and 3 m (Mořkov). The rot damaged on average 38.8 and 42.4% of the sample tree volume in RD Proklest and FD Mořkov, respectively. The proportion of trees affected by the rot decreased with the stand age. The observed extent of wound rot significantly decreases mechanical stability of stands and their adaptation potential.

scholarly journals Attempt to Identify Sex Hormones in the Bodies of Selected Norway Spruce Bark Beetles

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kacprzyk ◽  
Bartłomiej Bednarz ◽  
Maciej Choczyński
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Steroid Compound ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Males And Females

A gas chromatography technique was applied to the adults of Ips typograhus (L.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) collected from pheromone traps placed in Norway spruce stands in southern Poland in distinguished population swarming periods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of steroid compound differences between insect sexes. Ten not yet identified for bark beetle compounds from the group of sterols, including cholestenone, 4,6-cholestadiene-3-one, choles-4-en-3,6-dione and 17β-Hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one benzoate, which can potentially act as gender hormones were detected. The presence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone in the bodies of the studied bark beetles was confirmed. However, slight differences in the content of ecdysteroids in the bodies of males and females may be only the remains of the insect’s metamorphosis. Due to the small differences in the extracted compounds between the females and males, their variability in concentrations during the swarming period seems to be useless as a basis for sex determination.

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