scholarly journals Nickel toxicity induced antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. cotyledons

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yan ◽  
S. Gao ◽  
W. Yang ◽  
M. Cao ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Nickel Toxicity ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
Isoenzyme Patterns ◽  
Negative Link

<I>Jatropha curcas</I> L. embryos were germinated and grown in vitro under nickel concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800 &mu;mol to observe the effects of high nickel concentrations on seedling growth. Observed biological makers included biomass, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in the cotyledons. The fresh weight of cotyledons in all the tested nickel concentrations was lower than that of the control, but dry weight of cotyledons increased with increasing nickel concentrations up to 200 &mu;mol. SOD activity increased significantly up to 400 &mu;mol and then decreased at 800 &mu;mol nickel. POD activities were induced remarkably at 100 and 200 &mu;mol, but the activity decreased with increasing nickel concentrations. Similarly, a negative link between CAT activity and nickel concentrations was observed in this experiment. PAL activity had a positive correlation to nickel concentrations, and the highest activity was found at 400 &mu;mol nickel. Electrophoresis analysis suggested that a significant correlation between nickel concentrations and isoenzyme patterns of SOD and POD was observed, and these results were consistent with the changes of the activity assayed in solutions.

Effects of Herbicides on Growth and Extractable Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Light- and Dark-Grown Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Hoagland ◽  
Stephen O. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity

Effects of 16 herbicides representing 14 herbicide classes on growth and extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) were examined in light- and dark-grown soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. High purity (96 to 100%) herbicides were supplied via aqueous culture at various concentrations: 0.5 mM amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole), 0.1 mM atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 0.07 mM diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoicacid}, 0.5 mM DSMA (disodium methanearsonate), 0.2 mM fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), 0.05 mM fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, 0.5 mM MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione), 0.5 mM metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], 1.8 μM nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], 0.5 mM norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], 0.05 mM paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), 0.15 mM perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, 0.2 mM propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide), 0.1 mM propham (isopropyl carbanilate), 0.5 mM TCA (trichloroacetic acid), and 0.05 mM 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Dark-grown soybean seedlings (3-day-old) were transferred to control solutions (2 mM CaSO4) or to herbicide solutions (in 2 mM CaSO4) and grown at 25 C in continuous white light (200 μE•m-2•s-1) or continuous darkness until harvested 24 or 48 h after transfer. After 48 h, growth (fresh weight, dry weight, elongation) was inhibited by most of the chemicals. Other signs of toxicity (necrosis, secondary root stunting, and root tip swelling) were noted for some treatments. Roots were most affected, although hypocotyls were generally not changed. Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light. Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D. Amitrole and paraquat were the only herbicides that increased extractable PAL activity. Other compounds tested had no effect on the enzyme. None of the herbicides significantly affected in vitro PAL activity.

Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Jatropha curcas Cotyledons under Lead Stress

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 859-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Gao ◽  
Rui Yan ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Fu-li Zhang ◽  
Sheng-hua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Pal Activity

Jatropha curcas embryos were grown in vitro to observe the effects of lead on cotyledon responses. The cotyledon biomass increased initially and then decreased with increasing lead concentration. The SOD activity increased gradually up to 200 μM and then decreased. The POD activity showed a similar trend. The CAT activity was increased at all lead concentrations, the highest activity being observed at 200 μM. However, the PAL activity was inhibited significantly except for 100 μM. Anaylsis by electrophoresis suggested a significant correlation between lead concentration and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isoenzymes, and these results were consistent with changes of the antioxidant enzyme activities as assayed in solution.

Effects of Glyphosate on Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds: VI. Effects of Glyphosine and Glyphosate Metabolites on Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity, Growth, and Protein, Chlorophyll, and Anthocyanin Levels in Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Vitro Effect

The growth regulator, glyphosine [N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and other possible metabolites of glyphosine and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] [glycine, sarcosine, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] were tested individually (0.5 mM) or as a mixture (each at 0.5 mM) for their effects on growth, extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, hydroxyphenolic-compound production, chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and on soluble-protein levels in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. Most chemical treatments caused some inhibition of growth either on fresh weight accumulation or on root elongation in the light and dark over 72 h. Glyphosine was generally the most inhibitory and caused the greatest inhibition on axis dry-weight accumulation. Glyphosine significantly increased extractable PAL activity in axes of light- and dark-grown soybeans to a lesser extent than did glyphosate. AMPA had some inhibitory effects on extractable PAL activity whereas other compounds had little influence on the enzyme. These compounds had little effect on total soluble protein in axes or on soluble protein in PAL preparations from 12 to 72 h in light-or dark-grown seedlings. No in vitro effect of the chemicals on PAL activity was found at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. Hydroxyphenolic compound levels increased within 24 to 72 h (per gram fresh weight basis) in light- or dark-grown soybean axes treated with glyphosine, AMPA, or a metabolite mixture (AMPA, sarcosine, and glycine). Anthocyanin content was decreased by glyphosate and to a lesser extent by glyphosine, but was increased by AMPA and the mixture. Glyphosate significantly increased the chlorophylla/bratio and decreased total chlorophyll, but glyphosine decreased the chlorophyll content to a lesser degree.

scholarly journals Effects of copper on growth, antioxidant enzymes and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. seedling

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gao ◽  
R. Yan ◽  
M. Cao ◽  
W. Yang ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Copper Stress ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Leaves And Roots

The effects of different concentrations of copper (0–800 &mu;mol) on growth, protein contents, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in <I>Jatropha curcas</I> L. seedlings were assessed by means of pot experiments. Results suggested that increased copper concentrations lead to decreased shoot elongation and seedling biomass. Protein content in the leaves and roots reached their highest levels at the copper concentrations of 400 &mu;mol, while the highest protein content in the stem was observed at 800 &mu;mol copper. POD activity in leaves and stems was unaffected at low copper concentrations, but showed a considerable variation at high copper concentrations. In roots, the highest POD activity was observed at 200 &mu;mol copper. Under copper stress, SOD activity in leaves increased concomitantly with increasing copper up to 400 &mu;mol, and SOD activity in stems and roots showed a slight increase. Catalase activity significantly elevated in leaves and roots but showed no significant changes in stems of the seedlings exposed to copper. A gradual increase of PAL activity in leaves and roots at the copper concentration of 400 and 200 &mu;mol was observed, while PAL activity remained unchanged in stems.

scholarly journals Effects of salt stress on growth, antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. seedlings

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gao ◽  
C. Ouyang ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
L. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Organ Type ◽  
Nacl Concentration

The effects of increasing NaCl concentrations on biomass, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in <I>Jatropha curcas</I> L. seedlings were investigated. The fresh weights of cotyledons and radicles with increasing NaCl concentrations decreased progressively, and the fresh weight of hypocotyls reached the lowest level at NaCl concentration of 150 mmol and then increased. SOD activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles increased gradually up to NaCl concentrations of 150, 200 and 150 mmol, respectively. The highest POD activities in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles were observed at NaCl concentrations of 150, 200 and 150 mmol, respectively. CAT activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles enhanced gradually up to 100, 200 and 150 mmol NaCl concentrations, respectively. Increased PAL activity in the hypocotyls and radicles was linearly and positively correlated with increasing NaCl concentrations, but the peak activity in the cotyledons was observed at NaCl concentration of 150 mmol. Electrophoresis analysis suggested that different patterns in SOD and POD isoenzymes depend on NaCl concentrations and organ type, and the staining intensities of these isoforms are consistent with the changes of enzyme activity assayed in solutions.

Cuttings of the non-rooting rac tobacco mutant overaccumulate phenolic compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Faivre-Rampant ◽  
Jean-Paul Charpentier ◽  
Claire Kevers ◽  
Jacques Dommes ◽  
Harry Van Onckelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Growth Limitation ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Culture Cycle ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

The auxin and phenolic contents, as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, were determined in in vitro cultured shoots of the recalcitrant-to-root rac mutant of tobacco, and compared with wild-type shoots. The mutant and wild-type shoots showed similar auxin changes during the culture cycle, but with higher contents for the mutant. A transient peak of auxin (corresponding to the achievement of the rooting inductive phase) occurred at day 14 in both types of shoots, but earlier in the basal parts of the wild-type stems. The rac shoots contained more phenolics, corresponding with an increased PAL activity. The most abundant phenolic compound found in the two types of tobacco was chlorogenic acid, which was more abundant in the rac shoots. Rutin was also detected at a higher concentration in the mutant shoots. Basal parts of wild-type shoots treated with 10–3 M chlorogenic acid reacted by accumulating auxins and, unlike untreated controls, did not form adventitious roots. The relationships between these biochemical analyses in relation to the growth limitation of the rac mutant, and the inhibition of its root development, are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of cadmium on growth and antioxidant responses in Glycyrrhiza uralensis seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 508-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zheng ◽  
H.P. Lv ◽  
S. Gao ◽  
S.R. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Different Tissues

In the present study, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Leguminosae) seeds were germinated and grown with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/l) of cadmium acetate, in order to investigate the effects of cadmium on the growth, uptake, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in Glycyrrhiza uralensis seedlings. Uptake of Cd in different tissues of seedlings increased with increasing Cd concentrations in the tested medium, with most accumulation in the radicles. Results suggested that increased cadmium concentrations lead to decreased shoot elongation and seedling biomass. SOD activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles increased gradually up to 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4 mmol/l, respectively. POD activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles concentrations increased continuously with rising cadmium concentrations up to 0.2, 0.1 and 0.1 mmol/l, respectively. CAT activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles increased gradually with increasing cadmium concentrations up to 0.2, 0.2 and 0.1 mmol/l, respectively. PPO activity showed significant increases in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles at 0.4, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/l cadmium, respectively. A significant change of PAL activity in the cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles was observed with increasing cadmium concentrations up to 0.2, 0.4 and 0.2 mmol/l, respectively. Results of POD isoenzymes suggested that the staining intensities of isoform patterns were consistent with the changes of the activities assayed in solutions. These results suggested that Glycyrrhiza uralensis seedlings may have a better protection against oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes and PAL activity exposed to cadmium toxicity.

Salicylic acid-induced suppression of Meloidogyne incognita infestation of okra and cowpea

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidyut Nandi ◽  
Santi Prasad Sinha Babu ◽  
Nirmalya Banerjee ◽  
Kabita Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Vitro Test

AbstractSalicylic acid (SA) applied as 10 mM foliar spray to okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cv. Purbani Kranti and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cv. Pusa Ruby plants 24 h before inoculation of roots with Meloidogyne incognita juveniles, reduced infestation. Salicylic acid had no direct influence on plant growth and did not kill nematodes in an in vitro test. It induced increased accumulation of a 14 kDa pathogenesis-related protein (PR-1) in roots of both non-inoculated and inoculated salicylic acid-sprayed okra but not in the treated leaves. Salicylic acid sprays enhanced phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in roots of both non-inoculated and inoculated cowpea, estimated at 15 days after inoculation. Infected roots had higher PAL activity than roots of the corresponding non-inoculated treatments. Both PAL activity and SA-induced resistance gradually declined with plant age after treatment.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF GLYPHOSATE COMPLEXED WITH COPPER COMPARED TO THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IN Brachiaria decumbens Stapf

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Soraia John da Silva ◽  
Tiago Franco dos Santos ◽  
Gabriela Guida ◽  
Marcelo Hawrylak Herbst ◽  
Sonia Regina de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Similar Action ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Substantial Decline

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">Glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide with systemic action, is one of the most widely used substances in modern agriculture. With the objective of comparing the efficiency of glyphosate previously complexed with copper (Cu421) with that of the commercial product (Roundup WG®) and the purified substance (purified glyphosate) in controlling <em>Brachiaria decumbens </em>Stapf (signal grass), tests were conducted of the <em>in vitro </em>and <em>in vivo </em>activity of the enzymes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). The Cu421 complex significantly inhibited the EPSPs activity, as did the commercial product. <em>In vivo </em>test showed that treatments increased PAL activity more than double. The Cu421 complexed caused a substantial decline in the Falker chlorophyll index, as well as, the greatest reduction in the fresh mass yield and total protein concentration. In addition, the Cu 421 complexed application resulted in an increase in N-NO3- content in <em>B. decumbens</em>. The Cu421 complex had similar action as Roundup WG® and the purified glyphosate, indicating the possibility of using this complex to control weeds.</span></p>

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase as a precursory enzyme of legume stem lignification

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Bidlack ◽  
D. R. Buxton ◽  
R. M. Shibles ◽  
I. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Gompertz Function ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Lignin Deposition

In some instances, lignin content may not be significantly correlated with phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity because: (1) PAL is not committed exclusively to lignin, and (2) the time of maximum PAL activity may not coincide with maximum lignin deposition. This study evaluates correlations and timing of PAL activity and lignin deposition during legume stem maturation. Three forage legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), were established, and basal stem regrowth was sampled, biweekly, for 10 wk, for dry weight (DW), cell wall (CW), lignin, and PAL analyses. Nonlinear regression of lignin content by the Gompertz function indicated that lignin increased sigmoidally, and PAL activity by the third-order quadratic demonstrated rapid initial increases in activity, followed by decreases, as a function of regrowth days. First derivative of the Gompertz function demonstrated that changes in lignin deposition closely resembled changes in PAL activity. Among species, peak deposition of DW and CW content occurred 3–11 d prior to maximum lignin deposition. Time of maximum PAL activity occurred 8 d prior to maximum lignin deposition in birdsfoot trefoil and red clover and 3 days after maximum lignin deposition in alfalfa. Across species, lignin content was not positively correlated with PAL activity on a protein basis. However, lignin deposition was positively correlated with PAL per unit protein (r = 0.76, P < 0.05) and lignin content was positively correlated with PAL on a per plant basis (r = 0.60, P < 0.05). These results indicate that the activity of PAL is related to lignin deposition in a cause-and-effect relationship. Key words: Alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, cell wall, lignin, phenylalanine, ammonia lyase, red clover

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