scholarly journals Aluminium induced esterase activity and isozyme pattern in barley root tip

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tamás ◽  
J. Huttová ◽  
I. Mistrík ◽  
M. Šimonovičová ◽  
B. Široká
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Isozyme Pattern ◽  
Barley Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Esterase Isozyme ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Al Stress

Changes in the activity of esterase as well as changes in the viability of root cells and some growth parameters were analysed during cultivation of barley seedlings in the artificial substrate under Al stress conditions. Aluminium-induced elevated esterase activity correlated with Al uptake, root growth inhibition and increased Evans blue uptake in the barley root tips. Analysis of isozyme pattern of esterase revealed one anodic and one cathodic esterase isozyme induced by Al-treatment. The possible role of elevated esterase activity during Al stress is discussed.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic impact of sodium chloride stress on root cells of Vigna radiata L. seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabeen Farheen ◽  
Simeen Mansoor
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Metaphase Stage ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

AbstractObjectivesThe high salinization stress to seedling is the substantial ecological problem in the ongoing era. It negatively influences the growth that retard mitotic division by enhancing aberrations in nuclear chromatin. In the light of these views, the current work was designed to investigate the response of Vigna seedlings root tip cells to the presence of NaCl ions.Materials and methodsNM-92 and NM19-19 seeds were imbibed separately in distilled water for 24 h and allowed to grow into 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mM NaCl solution for 24 h. Excised root tips were stained, and slides were scored at 100× objective for the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations.ResultsOur data demonstrated that as NaCl molarity increased, the MI was declined along with various chromatin abnormalities. The 150 mM of NaCl showed more lagging (69%) of chromosomes during anaphase in NM19-19. The highest stickiness at metaphase stage (68%) was found in 250 mM NaCl in variety NM19-19. However, both varieties were differed non-significantly for c-mitosis that was recorded 99% at 350 mM NaCl concentration.ConclusionsThe NaCl ions toxicity induced various cytological anomalies in seedling roots that adversely affect the growth of Vigna seedlings.

Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity in root tips by the p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline diazotate reagent and a comparison with a Gomori procedure

1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
P. Stewart ◽  
D. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Lead Salt ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Post Coupling

The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in root tip cells of pea and mung bean by use of a heavy metal azo-dye technique. Diazotized p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline in a post-coupling procedure, using naphthol AS-BI phosphate as substrate, yielded a fine particulate reaction product within vacuoles, intercellular spaces, multivesicular bodies and at various sites throughout the cytoplasm of pea root cells and differentiating mung bean protoxylem cells. An ultrastructural comparison with a modified Gomori lead-salt precipitation method revealed differences in the subcellular location of beta-glycerophosphatase and naphthol AS-BI phosphatase. The distribution of acid phosphatases within plant meristematic cells is discussed.

scholarly journals Facilitated transport of Mn2+ in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells and excised maize root tips. A comparative 31P n.m.r. study in vivo

1988 ◽  
Vol 252 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Roby ◽  
R Bligny ◽  
R Douce ◽  
S I Tu ◽  
P E Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions

Movement of paramagnetic Mn2+ into sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells has been indirectly examined by observing the line broadening exhibited in its 31P n.m.r. spectra. Mn2+ was observed to pass into the vacuole, while exhibiting a very minor accumulation in the cytoplasm. With time, gradual leakage of phosphate from the vacuole to the cytoplasm was observed along with an increase in glucose-6-phosphate. Anoxia did not appear to affect the relative distribution of Mn2+ in the cytoplasm and vacuole. Under hypoxic conditions restriction of almost all movement of Mn2+ across the plasmalemma as well as the tonoplast was observed. In contrast, maize root tips showed entry and complete complexation of nucleotide triphosphate by Mn2+ during hypoxia. The rate of passage of Mn2+ across the tonoplast in both sycamore and maize root cells is approximately the same. However, the rates of facilitated movement across the respective plasma membranes appear to differ. More rapid movement of Mn2+ across the plasmalemma in maize root tip cells allows a gradual build-up of metal ion in the cytoplasm prior to its diffusion across the tonoplast. Sycamore cells undergo a slower uptake of Mn2+ into their cytoplasms (comparable with the rate of diffusion through the tonoplast), so little or no observable accumulation of Mn2+ is observed in this compartment.

scholarly journals Impact of cadmium and hydrogen peroxide on ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zelinová ◽  
B. Bočová ◽  
J. Huttová ◽  
I. Mistrík ◽  
L. Tamás
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Barley Root ◽  
Dehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure

We analyse the effect of Cd and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> short-term treatments on the activity of ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root tip. Even a short transient exposure of barley roots to low 15 &micro;mol Cd concentration caused a marked approximately 70% root growth inhibition. Higher Cd concentrations caused root growth cessation during the first 6 h after short-term Cd treatment. Similarly, a marked root growth inhibition was also detected after the short-term exposure of barley seedlings to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our results indicate that root ascorbate pool is more sensitive to Cd treatment than glutathione pool. Rapid activation of dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase is the important component of stress response to the Cd-induced alterations in barley root tips. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is probably involved in the Cd-induced activation of monodehydroascorbate reductase, but it is not involved in the Cd-induced increase of dehydroascorbate reductase activity.

scholarly journals Cadmium induced changes in cell wall peroxidase isozyme pattern in barley root tips

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huttová ◽  
MistríkI ◽  
M. Ollé-Šimonovičová ◽  
L. Tamás
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Isozyme Pattern ◽  
Barley Root ◽  
Strong Inhibition ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Peroxidase Isozyme ◽  
Induced Changes

Changes in peroxidase activity as well as isozyme peroxidase pattern were analyzed in five cell wall (CW) fractions of barley roots exposed to 1mM CdCl<sub>2</sub>for 48 and 72 h. Whereas strong inhibition of peroxidase activity was detected in fraction CW I and weak inhibition in fractions CW II, III and IV, strong activation of peroxidase was observed in fraction V after Cd application. Despite the inhibition of enzyme activity in most CW fractions, induction of several isoperoxidases was discovered after separation on PAGE. In fraction CW I inhibition of one cathodic isoperoxidase and activation of two anodic and two cathodic isoperoxidases was detected. Additional two anodic and one cathodic Cd-induced isozyme appeared in CW II and CW III. Strongly activated anodic isoperoxidase was detected in fraction CW V. Our results demonstrate that monitoring the stress modified peroxidase activity in enzyme extracts using guaiacol as a non-specific peroxidase substrate is not sufficient enough. Since some isozymes can be activated and some inhibited, isozyme pattern analysis is recommended.

scholarly journals Use of Inoculator Bacteria to Promote Tuber melanosporum Root Colonization and Growth on Quercus faginea Saplings

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Yasmine Piñuela ◽  
Josu G. Alday ◽  
Daniel Oliach ◽  
Francesc Bolaño ◽  
Carlos Colinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Quercus Faginea ◽  
Seedling Root

Research Highlights: Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) promote mycorrhization processes and are commonly found in the mycorrhizosphere of fungi, such as the edible hypogeous fungus Tuber melanosporum Vittad. Background and Objectives: The effectiveness of MHB in promoting the mycorrhization process and the root development of Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) seedlings destined for truffle plantations has not been determined. The main aim of this study was to shed light on the effect of bacterial inoculation on fungal root tip colonization and seedling root traits. Material and methods: We performed a co-inoculation trial using three bacteria naturally present in the T. melanosporum niche (i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and two different bacterial inoculation times (one month and nine months after fungal inoculation) under glasshouse conditions. Results: Only P. fluorescens had a significant mycorrhizal promoter effect, increasing the truffle inoculation rates of root tips by more than 10% compared with seedlings that received non-bacterial inoculation treatments. Simultaneously, the co-inoculation of P. fluorescens with T. melanosporum improved seedling root growth parameters compared with those of seedlings that received non-bacterial inoculation treatments. The different bacterial inoculation times and applications of uninoculated bacterial growth media did not affect the root traits analyzed or the root mycorrhization rates. Conclusions: These results suggest that P. fluorescens bacteria have a potential commercial application as a treatment for truffle-inoculated seedlings to improve both seedling quality and mycorrhizal colonization under nursery conditions.

Uptake and Release of Abscisic Acid by Runner Bean Root Tip Segments

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 719-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Hartung ◽  
Barbara Dierich
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Ph Gradients ◽  
External Ph ◽  
Uptake And Release ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Undissociated Molecule

Uptake of abscisic acid by 5 mm long decapped root tips is a linear function of the external ABA concentration in the range of 2.9 × 10-8m to 10-4м and decreases dramatically with in­creasing pH. At pH 8.0 uptake rate is extremely low, even at high ABA concentrations. This indicated that nearly all of the ABA is taken up as the undissociated molecule ABAH. Uptake of ABA is influenced by agents modifying the pH gradients between the medium and the tissue such as salts of weak acids incubated at low external pH (inhibition of uptake and stimulation of ABA release by abolishing the pH gradients), protonophores such as CCCP (inhibition of uptake) and fusicoccin (stimulation of uptake by increasing the pH between medium and cytoplasm). It is concluded that ABA distributes between the compartments of the root cells according to the pH gradients with the undissociated molecule as the only penetrating species. Uptake and release occur without participation of a saturable component by diffusion. In contrast IAA permeates the plasmalemma as both IAAH and IAA-.

scholarly journals Early Gene Expression Response of Barley Root Tip to Toxic Concentrations of Cadmium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubica Liptáková ◽  
Loriana Demecsová ◽  
Katarína Valentovičová ◽  
Veronika Zelinová ◽  
Ladislav Tamás
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Barley Root ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Gene Expression Response ◽  
Early Activation

Abstract Even a short, 30 min, Cd treatment of roots induced a considerable alteration in gene expression in the barley root tips within an hour after the treatments. The very early activation of MYB1 transcription factor expression is partially regulated by auxin signaling in mildly stressed seedlings. An increase in allene oxide cyclase and NADPH oxidase expression was a distinguishing feature of root tips response to mild Cd stress and their expression is activated via IAA signaling. Meanwhile, early changes in the level of dehydrin transcripts were detected in moderately and severely stressed root tips, and their induction is related to altered ROS homeostasis in cells. The early activation of glutathione peroxidase expression by mild Cd stress indicates the involvement of IAA in the signaling process. In contrast, early APX expression was induced only with Cd treatment causing severe stress and ROS play central roles in its induction. The expression of cysteine protease was activated similarly in both mildly and severely Cd-stressed roots; consequently, both increased IAA and ROS levels take part in the regulation of C-Prot expression. The Cd-evoked accumulation of BAX Inhibitor-1 mRNA was characteristic for moderately and severely stressed roots. Whereas decreased IAA level did not affect its expression, rotenone-mediated ROS depletion markedly reduced the Cd-induced expression of BAX Inhibitor-1. An early increase of alternative oxidase levels in the root tip cells indicated that the reduction of mitochondrial superoxide generation is an important component of barley root response to severe Cd stress.

scholarly journals Chromosomes and Mitotic Cell Division Phase In Onion Roots After 24 Hours Acetoorcein Soaking Time

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum ◽  
Arina Tri Lunggani ◽  
Muhammad Amal Nurhakim
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Onion Root ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Onions (Allium cepa) are usually used in vitro to assess effect of chemical subtances by allowing developing roots to come into contact with substances to be tested. Acetic orcein staining of onion chromosomes has remained a standard method of preparation. However, aceto-orcein stain is corrosive and poisonous chemical substances since it containing oxidising agents such as organic peroxides, the toxic substances which are are cyanides, acid corrosives agents, and  also radioactive substances.  This research study mitotic activity in the roots of onion plants to determine the effects of soaking time of aceto orcein dye on actively dividing root cells. A series of several root tip from each bulb was harvested were soaked in 1, 3 and 24 hours on aceto-orcein stain and processed further for cytological studies by the aceto-orcein squash technique. The research  was carried out to study the effect of to mitotic index and chromosomal aberration  on  onion root. It will determine the percentage of cells that are undergoing mitosis. The squash techniques were used to observe mitosis in the tip of onion root cells during actively mitotic division cells time. Mitotic divisions occur in several phases, consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and interphase. Experiment were repeated six times for every soaking time. The data was analyzed by using T-Test. The result showed that various duration of soaking time significantly influenced the  reduction of mitotic index value. The lowest mitotic index  on glyphosate concentration 100 ppm i.e. 10. 73% and 7.19% for the duration  of soaking time 3 and 6 hours. The highest mitotic index on  glyphosate concentration 0 ppm i.e.  37.71% and 32.76% for the duration  of soaking time 3 and 6 hours. The result also showed that the chromosomal aberration were increased significantly. The lowest  chromosomal aberration  obtained i.e. 2.55% and 2.96% for the duration of aceto orcein soaking time 1, 3 and 24 hours. The highest chromosomal aberration obtained i.e. 21.71% and 36.26% for the duration of soaking time 1,3 and 24 hours. The type of chromosomal aberration were abnormal prophase, stickiness, bridge, abnormal anaphase, clumping chromosome, c- metaphase,  change of nucleous  shape and size. At 72h, their cytotoxic effects on the root tips showed strong growth retardation in high concentrations of all the wastewaters. Compared to the control, treatment with the wastewaters resulted in root growth inhibition with EC50 values of 35, 50 and 62% for bottling, rubber and brewery effluents respectively, and decrease in mitotic index with increasing concentration for all samples and these were statistically significant (p<0.05). Chromosomal aberrations induced in the onion root tip cells were mostly sticky chromosomes and bridges. Chromosomes with disturbed spindles and fragments were also present in appreciable amounts. Based on the EC50 values, the bottling wastewater was most toxic, followed by rubber effluent while effluents from the brewery were least toxic. The findings in this study indicate that there are toxic chemicals present in the wastewaters which are responsible for the observed genotoxic effects on the onion root tip cells. The study also reveals that the Allium test is a useful and reliable tool for the genotoxicity screening of industrial effluents which could be employed by environmental managers before these effluents are finally discharged into the environment.     Key words: chromosomes, onion roots, acetoorcein

scholarly journals Bacterial-type plant ferroxidases tune local phosphate sensing in root development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christin Naumann ◽  
Marcus Heisters ◽  
Wolfgang Brandt ◽  
Philipp Janitza ◽  
Carolin Alfs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Metal Interactions ◽  
Ferroxidase Activity ◽  
Fe Homeostasis ◽  
Pi Deficiency

Fluctuating bioavailability of inorganic phosphate (Pi), often caused by complex Pi-metal interactions, guide root tip growth and root system architecture for maximizing the foraged soil volume. Two interacting genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, PDR2 (P5-type ATPase) and LPR1 (multicopper oxidase), are central to external Pi monitoring by root tips, which is modified by iron (Fe) co-occurrence. Upon Pi deficiency, the PDR2-LPR1 module facilitates cell type-specific Fe accumulation and cell wall modifications in root meristems, inhibiting intercellular communication and thus root growth. LPR1 executes local Pi sensing, whereas PDR2 restricts LPR1 function. We show that native LPR1 displays specific ferroxidase activity and requires a conserved acidic triad motif for high-affinity Fe2+ binding and root growth inhibition under limiting Pi. Our data indicate that substrate availability tunes LPR1 function and implicate PDR2 in maintaining Fe homeostasis. LPR1 represents the prototype of an ancient ferroxidase family, which evolved very early upon bacterial colonization of land. During plant terrestrialization, horizontal gene transfer transmitted LPR1-type ferroxidase from soil bacteria to the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae algae and embryophytes, a hypothesis supported by homology modeling, phylogenomics, and activity assays of bacterial LPR1-type multicopper oxidases.

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