scholarly journals Immunohistochemical localization of adhesion molecules (CD62 and CD18) in the mammary gland of dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Simon ◽  
S. Hluchý ◽  
Ľ. Horovská ◽  
J. Antalíková ◽  
J. Čuboň
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Lactation Cycle

Localization of the L-selectin (CD62L) and &beta;2-integrin (CD18) bearing cells in different tissues of the bovine mammary gland was examined. Five dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed in the middle of their second and third lactation cycle were used in the study. Blood, milk and udder tissue samples were collected from each cow to estimate the milk somatic cell count (SCC) and bacteriological infection of the mammary gland. The expression of CD62L and CD18 on blood cells, milk cells and parenchymal tissues of udder, F&uuml;rstenberg&rsquo;s rosette and the transverse section of the central part of the teat was tested. In the mammary gland quarters the value of SCC in milk secretion was also reflected in the presence of CD18<sup>+</sup> and CD62L<sup>+</sup> leukocytes in mammary tissues. In the quarters where SCC was higher than 10<sup>5</sup> a frequent incidence of L-selectin and &beta;2-integrin cells was observed in the parenchyma and F&uuml;rstenberg&rsquo;s rosette region, while in the quarters with low SCC, none or only a few reactive cells were found. In the mammary parenchymal tissue CD18 positive cells were present in both the epithelial and the connective tissue. In F&uuml;rstenberg&rsquo;s rosette the cells were concentrated in the connective collagenous and loose tissue. None or only scattered L-selectin (CD62L) and &beta;2-integrin (CD18) bearing cells were identified in the transverse section from the central part of the teat. When we compared the L-selectin and &beta;2-integrin expression, the study revealed the down-regulation of L-selectin on the cells of mammary tissue.

The role of the mammary gland during heat stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ricardo Oliveira Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Disruptive effects of climate change, such as increasing environmental temperature, have direct impacts on economic viability and efficiency of food production. In lactating dairy cows, heat stress reduces milk production and alters function of mammary secretory cells, at least partly by disturbing local protein metabolism. We hypothesized that hyperthermia would not only reduce mammary blood flow but would also reduce mammary extraction of nutrients from blood. In addition, we hypothesized that transcriptional profiling of mammary tissue would reveal disruption of cellular homeostasis. Our objective was to determine the effects of hyperthermia on mammary function. More specifically, we aimed to profile mammary blood flow and the changes in mammary transcriptome of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. We investigated the effects of early and prolonged exposure of lactating dairy cows to hyperthermia by exposing cows to programmed constantly elevated temperature and humidity to induce and maintain body temperature approximately 1[degree]C above normal. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the production responses of hyperthermic lactating dairy cows, to characterize total and nutritive mammary blood flow, and to elucidate the regulation of mammary function during early and prolonged exposure to hyperthermia. Results from these studies established that 1) hyperthermia reduces total and nutritive mammary blood flow, limiting nutrient disappearance across the mammary gland; 2) hyperthermia does not induce shunting of blood away from the gland; 3) hyperthermia affects mammary tissue transcriptome, mainly altering processes associated with ECM and cell adhesion; 4) the effects of exposure to prolonged heat stress on mammary gene expression are distinct from the effects of feed restriction, in lactating dairy cows; and 5) mammary function is reestablished within 8 days after cessation of heat stress.

Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: metabolic activityin vitroof subcutaneous adipose tissue

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
A. Walsh ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Lactation Cycle ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

In early lactation dairy cows use stored body fat to provide an additional source of energy to support milk production and these reserves are replaced when energy requirements for milk synthesis are reduced. The extent to which body fat is mobilized depends on the nutritional state of the animal and its genetic potential. These changes are accompanied by substantial alterations in the intermediary metabolism of adipose tissue. The aim of this work was to investigate the timing and magnitude of changes in synthetic and lipolytic pathways in adipose tissue from dairy cows during a lactation cycle and at three levels of energy intake.Fifty four cows were fed grass silagead libitumand a concentrate ration at 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg DM/day (Sutton et al 1992). An initial group of six cows was slaughtered at 2 to 4 dayspost partum(week 0) followed by two cows from each treatment at weeks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29.

scholarly journals Diet Composition Affects Liver and Mammary Tissue Transcriptome in Primiparous Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1191
Author(s):  
Shengtao Gao ◽  
Zheng Zhou ◽  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
Juan Loor ◽  
Massimo Bionaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Functional Annotation ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Potassium Transport ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Microarray Chip

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the overall adaptations of liver and mammary tissue to a corn stover (CS) compared to a mixed forage (MF) diet in mid-lactation primiparous dairy cows. Twenty-four primiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly allocated to 2 groups receiving either an alfalfa forage diet (MF, F:C = 60:40) with Chinese wildrye, alfalfa hay and corn silage as forage source or a corn stover forage diet (CS, F:C = 40:60). A subgroup of cows (n = 5/diet) was used for analysis of liver and mammary transcriptome using a 4 × 44K Bovine Agilent microarray chip. The results of functional annotation analysis showed that in liver CS vs. MF inhibited pathways related to lipid metabolism while induced the activity of the potassium channel. In mammary tissue, fatty acid metabolism was activated in CS vs. MF. In conclusion, the analysis of genes affected by CS vs. MF indicated mammary gland responding to lower level of linoleate from the diet (lower in CS vs. MF) by activating the associated biosynthesis metabolic pathway while the liver adaptively activated potassium transport to compensate for a lower K ingestion.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones Concentrations during the Mid-Dry Period: An Early Indicator of Fatty Liver in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horea Šamanc ◽  
Velibor Stojić ◽  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Milijan Jovanović ◽  
Horia Cernescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Ratio Increase ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Early Indicator ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Severe Fatty Liver ◽  
Thyroid Gland Activity

Relationship between postpartal fatty liver and thyroid gland activity during the peripartal and mid dry periods was studied. Twenty one dry cows were chosen. Blood samples were obtained on days −30, −2, and +12 related to calving and analized for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). AT3/T4ratio was calculated. Liver tissue samples were taken 12 d after calving and tested for the lipid content. Cows were divided into three groups: mild (<20% fat), moderate (20 to 30%), or severe fatty liver (>30%). Cows, that were affected with severe fatty liver, were hypothyroid prior to development of the condition due to lowerT4concentrations, and had significantly lower concentration ofT3and higherT3/T4ratios than cows with mild and moderate fatty liver. Thus, hypothyroid state during mid-dry period may be an early indicator of postpartal fatty liver and may provokeT3/T4ratio increase in this group of cows.

Bone marrow-origin stem/progenitor cells in the mammary gland of heifers

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
E. Osińska ◽  
M. M. Godlewski ◽  
M. Wierzbicki ◽  
T. Motyl
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Mammary Stem ◽  
Bone Marrow Origin

Abstract The aim of the study was to estimate the size of bone marrow-origin stem/progenitor population in 2-year old nonpregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was done using scanning cytometry and confocal microscopy of mammary tissue slices labelled with the combination of two markers: Sca-1 (marker of stem-progenitor cells) and CD45 (marker of hematopoietic cells). The average (±SEM) percentage of Sca-1POS CD45POS cells was 0.89 ± 0.21. They were localized mainly outside of mammary ducts, in the stroma and sometimes intraluminally. Our results indicate that the subpopulation of Sca-1POS cells bearing CD45 antigen may enrich the niche of mammary stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow and participate in the growth of the mammary gland in post-pubertal heifers.

Localization of metabolic restriction point in cows of differing genetic merit

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
A. Sorensen ◽  
C. H. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Metabolic Capacity ◽  
Restriction Point ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Peak Lactation

AbstractMilk synthesis and secretion have a high priority in the metabolism of the lactating cow. At peak lactation the nutrient needs of the mammary gland are of such magnitude relative to total metabolism that the udder has been compared with a parasite. The question arises: has the udder taken control of the cow? The aim of this study was to investigate whether the metabolic restriction point determining maximum milk output is localized at the level of the mammary gland itself or elsewhere in the body. The results indicate that the restriction point determining the maximum metabolic capacity is not localized in the udder as indicated by the ability of the mammary tissue to increase further its rate of milk secretion and therefore the maximum capacity is determined at the level of the whole body.

The effect of pregnancy on lactation persistency and milk composition in dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
J.B. Coulon ◽  
B. Rémond ◽  
L. Pérochon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Lactation Cycle

In dairy cows, effect of pregnancy on milk production is acknowledged but little documented, and with conflicting data. Weak during the « normal » lactation, this effect becomes important in late pregnancy. To precisely model milk secretion, and to adjust novel management of the lactation cycle, it is important to specify this effect.

scholarly journals PROLINE SUPPLY FOR EFFICIENT NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LACTATING RUMINANTS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. BRUCKENTAL ◽  
EUGENIA ALUMOT
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Arginine Uptake

To prove the sparing action of proline on arginine utilization by the mammary gland, proline was administered to the duodenum of goats in early lactation. As found previously in mid-lactation, arginine uptake by the mammary gland dropped significantly due to proline addition. Cow mammary tissue was cultured in media with increasing concentrations of proline. The radioactivity of proline formed from [U-14C] arginine was measured in hydrolysates of casein synthesized by the gland. Increasing proline concentrations caused a corresponding decrease in proline labelling. The addition of proline, protected against rumen degradation, may save dietary protein in the ration of high-producing dairy cows. Key words: Proline, lactating ruminants

Distribution of milk in the goat mammary gland and its relation to the rate and control of milk secretion

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Peaker ◽  
David R. Blatchford
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Secretory Rate ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
And Control

SummaryChanges with time in the distribution of milk between different storage regions of the mammary gland were studied in goats. Milk was allowed to drain from the gland through a catheter (catheter milk); the gland was then milked by hand, before (hand milk) and after the administration of oxytocin (alveolar or residual milk). The hand-milk fraction was of negligible volume. There was an essentially linear increase in the catheter- plus hand-milk fraction from 0 to 16 h. The alveolar fraction increased up to 6 h, but thereafter remained constant to 16 h. There was considerable but consistent variation between animals in the alveolar fraction as a proportion of total milk volume. The proportion of residual milk was inversely related to milk secretory rate per unit weight of mammary tissue. The hourly administration of oxytocin without milking had no apparent effect on the distribution of milk in the gland 1 h later.

The central nervous system, neurohypophysis and milk ejection

1958 ◽  
Vol 149 (936) ◽  
pp. 336-353 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Passive Withdrawal

Lactation may be divided into two main phases. First, milk secretion which consists of the synthesis of milk by the cells of the alveolar epithelium and the passage of the milk from the cytoplasm of these cells into the alveolar lumen. And secondly, milk removal from the mammary gland. A small part of the milk may be withdrawn from the mammary gland by suckling young in the absence of any active process on the part of the maternal animal, passive withdrawal ; but the greater part of the contained milk requires for its removal the participation of a neurohumoral reflex resulting in contraction of mammary tissue and thereby expulsion of contained milk. This active process is called milk ejection .

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