EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF IMMATURE RATS

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Localized X-irradiation of the adrenal glands of male rats aged 3–36 days inhibited subsequent gain in body weight and in the growth of the adrenal glands, the degree of retardation depending on the dose applied (400–1800 r.). The cortico-medullary ratio was essentially the same in irradiated and control animals. As judged by compensatory hypertrophy of one adrenal gland after the removal of the other, adrenal function was unaffected by X-irradiation within the range of doses and ages investigated.

Response of host embryonic chicks to grafts of additional adrenal glands. 1. Response of host adrenal glands, gonads, and kidneys

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Gland Tissue

The response of host embryonic chicks to the presence of additional amounts of adrenal gland tissue has been explored by grafting an additional gland from an 18-day embryonic donor to the chorioallantoic membrane of an 8-day embryonic host. The grafts were maintained for up to 10 days.The graft had no effect on the body weight of the host, nor on proliferation within the kidney. Proliferation within the gonad of the host was significantly depressed from 1 day postgrafting.Effects of the graft on the host adrenal glands were confined to hyperplasia of cortical tissue up to 12 days of incubation and subsequent reduced proliferation to 18 days. The medullary tissue did not respond to the graft.The significance of these results is discussed in terms of normal development of the adrenal gland, seasonal variations in adrenal function, and the establishment of the adrenal–gonad axis.

scholarly journals Gene profiling of human fetal and adult adrenals

2001 ◽  
Vol 171 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
WE Rainey ◽  
BR Carr ◽  
ZN Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
Mrna Gene

The mechanisms that lead to the steroidogenic differences in the human fetal adrenal (HFA) and adult adrenal gland are not known. However, gene expression clearly plays a critical role in defining their distinct steroidogenic and structural phenotypes. We used DNA microarrays to compare expression levels of several thousand transcripts between the HFA and adult adrenal gland. Total RNA was isolated from 18 HFA and 12 adult adrenal glands. Samples of total RNA were used to make five pools of poly A+ RNA (mRNA). Gene profiling was done using five independent microarrays that contained between 7075 and 9182 cDNA elements. Sixty-nine transcripts were found to have a greater than 2.5-fold difference in expression between HFA and adult adrenals. The largest differences were observed for transcripts that encode IGF-II (25-fold higher in HFA) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (24-fold higher in adult). Among the other genes, transcripts related to sterol biosynthesis or to growth and development were higher in the HFA than adult adrenals. Transcripts concerned with cellular immunity and signal transduction were preferentially expressed in the adult adrenal. The vast majority of the 69 transcripts have not been studied with regard to adrenal function. Thus, these gene profiles provide valuable information that could help define the mechanisms that control adrenal function.

scholarly journals Renal hypertrophy and function in irradiated and nephrectomized rats fed a high protein diet

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Konishi ◽  
R. W. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Renal Neoplasm ◽  
Renal Hypertrophy ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Renal Clearances ◽  
And Function

Male rats exposed to a total of 740 rad X-irradiation were fed a high protein diet and unilaterally nephrectomized to investigate functional and compensatory regenerative capacity of the kidney as probable indices of residual radiation injury. The extent of compensatory hypertrophy after nephrectomy showed a significantly greater increase due to the high protein diet but no effect due to irradiation. Estimates of maximal tubular excretions of p-aminohippurate (PAH), however, were significantly greater in irradiated groups than in control groups when determined 3 weeks postnephrectomy. Renal clearances of CIn and CPAH were significantly depressed after nephrectomy but not after radiation. Histological studies of the kidneys did not indicate renal damage by radiation except for an isolated instance of a renal neoplasm in an irradiated, nephrectomized rat fed a high protein diet. The results indicate that radiation does not modify compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral nephrectomy but appears to increase the apparent functional capacity of the tubules.

THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THE WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL AND ASCORBIC ACID OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
William F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Trophic Hormone

The effect on the rat adrenal gland of massive doses of propylthiouracil over a three-week period has been studied. Care was taken to have any body weight changes of the treated animals paralleled by similar changes in the control, animals. Under these circumstances it was found that on a gland weight basis no atrophy of the adrenal glands occurred. There were however alterations in the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations, there being an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter and further these changes were not dependent upon any hypometabolism induced by the thiouracil. The level of the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations measured three hours after injection of ACTH and of epinephrine indicated that the adrenal cortex was responsive to its trophic hormone and that the pituitary–adrenal axis was intact, the degree of response being similar in both treated and control animals.

EFFECTS OF THE THYROID STATE, SEASON AND CASTRATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MALE RABBITS

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAQSOOD
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Young Male ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Thyroid State ◽  
Male Rabbit ◽  
High Environmental Temperature ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY The influence of the thyroid state, season and castration on the weight of the adrenals of the young male rabbit at different ages has been studied. Administration of thyroxine in doses about 30–50% above the estimated rate of secretion of thyroxine for a period of 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals, while treatment with thiouracil caused a significant decrease in adrenal weight. Thyroxine, when injected in doses below or about equal to the estimated rate of thyroxine secretion, did not affect the weight of the adrenals. On the other hand, prolonged mild hyperthyroidism resulted in an insignificant decrease in the weight of the adrenals. The weights of the adrenals in experimental and control animals during the summer months were significantly lower than those obtained in the winter. This was probably due to a decrease in the rate of secretion of thyroxine which occurred presumably as a result of high environmental temperature during the summer. Castration did not affect the weight of the adrenals of 8-week-old male rabbits after a period of 4 weeks, but resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals after a period of 24 weeks. The possible existence of an interrelationship between the thyroid, adrenals and gonads is discussed.

scholarly journals Organometric parameters of the remaining kidney after removal of the contralateral in immature rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
V.M. Monastyrskyi
Keyword(s):  
Left Kidney ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
White Male ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Experimental Group

The processes of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney to the period of puberty are insufficiently studied. Changes in renal parameters after contralateral removal are of scientific interest. The purpose of the study was to establish and compare changes in organometric parameters of the kidney that remained after nephrectomy in non-sexually adult male rats and in sexually mature male rats. Experimental study was performed on 84 non-adult white male rats weighing 53-71 grams, which were kept on a standard vivarium diet. All animals were divided into two groups (42 in each): the first - control, the second - the experimental group. In the control group, the abdominal cavity was opened under ketamine anesthesia, after wich the abdominal wall was sutured in layers. All animals of the experimental group performed surgical intervention - nephrectomy of the left kidney. Animals were withdrawn from the trial by intra-pleural administration of thiopental-sodium 50 mg/kg after 7, 14, 21, 30, 90 days after nephrectomy. Macroscopic evaluation and description of the kidneys of animals was performed after their removal. The statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out using the “STATISTICA 5.5” program, using parametric and non-parametric methods for evaluating the obtained results. It was found that in the immature rats, the weight of animals in the experimental group (after nephrectomy) was statistically significantly lower in all terms of the observation compared to the control group, and the weight of the kidney of animals in the experimental group, on the contrary, was statistically significantly higher in all terms of observation. The length, width, thickness, volume of kidneys of animals of the experimental group, as well as the magnitude of increment of these parameters with each term of observation are determined. The greatest increase in organometric parameters of the kidney was observed after 30 days of the postoperative period (p<0.05). Subsequently, on the 60th and 90th day, the magnitude of the increase in organometric parameters of the kidney significantly decreased. The index of hypertrophy of the kidney remained unpaired by nephrectomy, which varied from 52.24% to 63.21%. The highest rates of hypertrophy were observed between the 21st and 30th days.

ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE PREMATURE AND NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-417
Author(s):  
Lytt I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Hematopoietic Organ ◽  
Total Body

THE special nature of adrenal function in newborn infants has excited the curiosity of physicians for half a century. Three groups of workers in 1911 nearly simultaneously described the strange involution which occurs in the cortex of the newborn's adrenal gland. Since that time much speculation and a few experiments have added somewhat to our knowledge. The recent development of chemical techniques for the estimation of adrenal steroids in the urine and peripheral plasma of the newborn have provided some very interesting data. Let us review the earlier observations. The newborn adrenal glands weigh approximately .29 per cent of the total body weight, which is quite striking when compared with the adult glands averaging only about .014 per cent of total body weight. At the time of birth the infant's adrenal cortex is composed of 2 histologically distinguishable zones. One is an outer region ("adult cortex"), which is composed of a zona glomerulosa and of short strands of zona fasciculata. The inner region is quite extensive and makes up about 80 per cent of the entire newborn adrenal gland. This inner zone goes by several names: fetal transitional zone, internal cortex, or fetal androgenic zone. This zone is made up of large cells reminiscent of the adult zona reticularis. There is intense vascularization of this area, so much so that one early worker even suggested that it participates as a fetal hematopoietic organ. Involution of the fetal cortex begins just prior to or at birth in both full-term and premature infants.

Polydipsia and polyuria by the X-irradiated rat

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Kay ◽  
Cecil Entenman
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Partial Body ◽  
Drinking Fluid

The results of partial-body x-irradiation experiments established the abdomen as the radiosensitive area involved in postirradiation polydipsia and polyuria. However, the responses do not appear to be due to the action of x-rays on any one organ in this region, since x-irradiation of individual exteriorized organs was only partially effective. On the other hand, shielding of the exteriorized kidneys or liver was effective in the prevention of postirradiation polyuria and polydipsia. Removal of the adrenal glands or spleen prior to x-irradiation did not prevent polydipsia or polyuria, whereas removal of the pancreas greatly diminished the extent of the polydipsia and polyuria and removal of the pituitary gland eliminated the responses. Anoxic anoxia during the time of x-irradiation did not prevent polyuria or polydipsia, but when isotonic sugar solutions were given as the drinking fluid polyuria and polydipsia did not occur.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland size in two body weight categories of healthy adult cats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2097496
Author(s):  
Laura Pérez-López ◽  
Ana María Wägner ◽  
Pedro Saavedra ◽  
Jose Raduan Jaber ◽  
Carlos Melián
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gland Size

Objectives Adrenal gland size and its association with body weight have been rarely evaluated in cats. This study was undertaken to assess the association between feline body weight and adrenal gland thickness, and to propose reference intervals (RIs) for adrenal gland thickness in healthy cats. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 39 healthy cats were included. The cats were divided into two weight categories, classified as ⩽4.0 kg and >4–8 kg of ideal body weight (with 13 and 26 cats in each group, respectively), which took into consideration the body condition score of the cats. All cats underwent an ultrasound examination that was taken from a subcostal position. Maximum dorsoventral thicknesses of the left (MTL) and right (MTR) adrenal glands were measured in a sagittal plane. RIs were obtained for the maximum thickness (MT), which included the MTLs and MTRs of each cat. RIs with the 90% confidence intervals were calculated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines on RIs. Results No statistical differences for adrenal gland thickness were observed between the left and right ( P = 0.543) adrenal glands or between male and female cats ( P = 0.943). Mean MT was significantly greater in the group of cats weighing >4–8 kg compared with the group of cats weighing ⩽4 kg (3.7 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.4 mm; P <0.005). The lower limit of the RI for MT was 2.4 mm (range 2.2–2.6 mm) in the group weighing ⩽4 kg and 2.6 mm (range 2.4–2.8 mm) in the group weighing >4–8 kg. The upper limit of the RI for MT was 3.9 mm (range 3.7–4.1 mm) in the group of cats weighing ⩽4 kg and 4.8 mm (range 4.6–5.1 mm) in the group of cats weighing >4–8 kg. Conclusions and relevance The use of RIs based on two group sizes allows for a more accurate ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland thickness in cats. The maximum normal adrenal gland thickness is lower in smaller cats (3.9 mm for those weighing ⩽4 kg and 4.8 mm for those weighing >4–8 kg).

Relationship between plasma corticosterone and adrenal epinephrine after diazepam treatment in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Chabot ◽  
Yves Brissette ◽  
André L. Gascon
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Epinephrine Administration ◽  
Linear Dose ◽  
Increased Activity

Following recent observations that diazepam treatment increases adrenal epinephrine in rats, we were interested in studying the possible mechanisms of this action of diazepam on rat adrenal glands. All diazepam treatments studied (1–25 mg∙kg−1∙day−1 for 10 days) led to an increase in adrenal epinephrine following a linear dose–effect relationship. Since epinephrine synthesis is under neuronal and humoral controls, we investigated their respective importance in the effect of diazepam on the adrenal gland. The denervation of the adrenal gland did not prevent the increase in adrenal epinephrine by diazepam treatment. On the other hand, diazepam treatment was shown to cause an increase in plasma corticosterone in parallel with an increase in adrenal epinephrine. Administration of dexamethasone (a synthetic corticoid) and hypophysectomy prevented the increase in adrenal epinephrine and plasma corticosterone resulting from diazepam treatment. We thus conclude that the increase in adrenal epinephrine seen after diazepam treatment is parallel to the increase in plasma corticosterone. Moreover, since the action of diazepam on adrenal epinephrine is prevented by dexamethasone or hypophysectomy, we hypothesize that diazepam is acting on the adrenal cortex via the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH and corticosterone would be responsible for the increased activity of epinephrine-synthesizing enzymes in adrenal medulla.

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