Effects of eight years of crop rotation and tillage on nitrogen availability and budget of a sandy loam soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
G. W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Budget

The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, soil was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations : (i) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (ii) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat, (iii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover, (iv) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha-1 under CT and 37 kg ha-1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha-1 under NT and 46 kg ha-1 under CT. Key words: Field pea, fallow, red clover, N economy, tillage, wheat

Eight years of crop rotation and tillage effects on crop production and N fertilizer use

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
G. W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Results

Although tillage systems and crop rotations can affect crop production and uptake of nutrients, their long-term effects, particularly their interactions, are not well-documented. Therefore, we measured the N, P, and K contents and yields of crops through two rotation cycles, especially wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), of four crop rotations managed under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems. The study was conducted 1993 through 2000 on a sandy loam soil in northwestern Alberta, Canada. The four-course crop rotations were: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat; (ii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat; (iii) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and (iv) continuous wheat (CW). The crops were fertilized using regional recommendations based on soil test results. Previous crop effect on wheat yield was in the order: field pea = red clover green manure > fallow > canola > wheat (CW); it had little influence on N, P or K content in wheat grain or straw. There was no interaction of tillage with crop rotation on wheat production or nutrient content. Tillage treatments affected neither production of other rotation crops nor their nutrient concentrations. During the second rotation cycle, N fertilizer requirement decreased, and wheat yield was 22% higher, under NT as compared to CT. This study showed that (i) field pea is an attractive replacement for red clover green manure; and (ii) recommendations for N from soil test results should factor in the type of tillage system used. Key words: Canola, field pea, red clover, nitrogen, tillage, wheat

Liming improves soil microbial growth, but trash blanket placement increases labile carbon and nitrogen availability in a sugarcane soil of subtropical Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Y. Liu ◽  
M. Rezaei Rashti ◽  
M. Esfandbod ◽  
B. Powell ◽  
C. R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Microbial

Liming has been widely used to decrease soil acidity, but its effects on soil nitrogen (N) availability and microbial processes in sugarcane fields are largely unknown. Adjacent sugarcane soils at 26 months after liming (26ML), 14 months after liming (14ML) and with no lime amendment (CK) in Bundaberg, Australia, were selected to investigate the effect of liming on soil N bioavailability and microbial activity in a long-term subtropical sugarcane cropping system. Liming in both 14ML and 26ML treatments significantly increased soil pH (by 1.2–1.4 units) and exchangeable Ca2+ (>2-fold) compared with the CK treatment. The lower concentrations of hot water extractable organic carbon (C) and total N and ammonium-N in the 14ML, compared with the CK and 26ML treatments, can be attributed to the absence of trash blanket placement in the former. Enhanced microbial immobilisation due to improved soil pH by liming (14ML and 26ML treatments) led to increased soil microbial biomass C and N, particularly in the presence of a trash blanket (26 ML treatment), but decreased soil respiration and metabolic quotient indicated that acidic stress conditions were alleviated in the liming treatments. Soil pH was the main factor governing soil enzyme activities, with an overall decrease in all enzyme activities in response to liming. Overall, liming and trash blanket practices improved sugarcane soil fertility. Further study is warranted to investigate the shifts in soil microbial community composition and the diversity and abundance of N-associated functional genes in response to liming in sugarcane fields.

Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography: I. Green manure and tillage timing

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Crop Sequence

Manipulation of cropping systems to improve weed management requires a better understanding of how crop- and soil-related factors affect weed life cycles. Our objective was to assess the impacts of timing of primary tillage and use of legume green manure on giant foxtail demography and soil properties. We measured giant foxtail seed survival and dormancy, seedling emergence and survival, and fecundity, in addition to soil phytotoxicity, chemical properties affecting soil fertility and soil water, in the transition between the wheat and corn phases of a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence. Postdispersal predation of giant foxtail seeds was measured in all three phases of the crop sequence. Wheat was grown either as a sole crop (W) or underseeded with red clover (R), and residues from this phase were rototilled either in the fall (FT) or in spring (ST). There were strong interactions between Red clover and Tillage timing in their effects on giant foxtail recruitment and fecundity in corn. Giant foxtail seedling emergence was 30% lower, and time to 50% emergence was more than 1 wk later, in the ST/R treatment than in the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments, which did not differ. However, fecundity of giant foxtail was 200% greater in the ST/R treatment than in the other three treatments because of suppressed early corn growth. The net effect of the ST/R treatment on giant foxtail demography in corn was to greatly increase inputs to the seedbank compared with the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments. Giant foxtail demography in the wheat phase was also affected by Red clover. There was a 200% increase in daily rates of postdispersal seed predation in the wheat phase of the R treatment compared with the W treatment. High-seed predation in the wheat phase and low fecundity in the corn phase of the FT/R treatment suggest that population growth rate of giant foxtail will be lower in this treatment than in the other treatments. The degree of soil phytotoxicity from red clover residues, the changes in the amount of interference from the corn crop early in the growing season, and the differential suitability of crop residues in the different rotations as habitat for seed predators all contributed to changes in giant foxtail demography. Understanding the effects of cropping system characteristics on entire weed life cycles will facilitate the design of integrated suites of complementary weed management tactics.

Effect of integrated management of couch grass (Elytrigia repens) on soil quality and crop nutrition

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. SOON ◽  
A. L. DARWENT
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Elytrigia Repens

The effects of suppressing couch grass (Elytrigia repens L.), through integrated management, on soil biological quality and N and P nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated in a field experiment (1987–92) on a Dark Grey soil in Alberta, Canada. The management practices consisted of combinations of herbicide application, crop rotations and tillage treatments. The 3-year crop sequences consisted of continuous barley, canola (Brassica rapa L.)–barley–barley, fallow–barley–barley, and barley or canola undersown with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)–red clover green manure–barley. In 1992, the sixth year of the experiment, soil and plant samples were analysed for nutrient content. Treatments that consisted of spring and autumn tillage only did not suppress couch grass and produced low barley yields and N and P uptake. More N was immobilized in couch grass shoots and rhizomes and soil microbial biomass with these treatments than with similar herbicide-treated crop rotations. Tillage-plus-herbicide treatments effectively suppressed couch grass and enabled the barley crop to compete for soil N, however, both spring and autumn tillage were required for weed control. The fallow treatment impaired soil quality by reducing soil and microbial C and N, but produced similar barley yields as continuous cropping with tillage-plus-chemical control. Red clover ploughed in for green manure enhanced soil quality indicators such as soil and microbial biomass C, total and mineralizable soil N, and microbial N, but did not increase barley yield compared to continuous grain cropping.

Contribution of di-nitrogen fixation by pea to the productivity and N budget of a wheat-based cropping system

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. SOON ◽  
M. A. ARSHAD
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
N Budget ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
N Removal

The productivity and N budget of three crop rotations were determined in a field study beginning in 1997. A duplicate experiment was initiated in 1998; each experiment lasted 3 years. The rotations were: continuous wheat (WWW), oilseed rape-wheat-wheat (RWW) and pea-wheat-wheat (PWW). Wheat and oilseed rape received 0 or 60 kg N/ha, apart from fertilized wheat following pea, which received 22·5 kg N/ha, and in the third year of the rotation all plots received 60 kg N/ha. Peak N2 fixation by pea averaged 86 kg N/ha and grain N offtake was 74 kg N/ha. In the spring following the unfertilized crops the trend for soil NO3-N was: pea>oilseed rape>wheat. The yields of second and third phase wheat followed the order: PWW>WWW>RWW. The superior yield of second phase wheat following pea is attributed to greater availability of N, mainly below the 25 cm depth of soil. Yields of second phase wheat of the other rotations showed no response to N fertilizer, probably because of dry surface soil in those years. Nitrogen deficits of the no-N treatments over the rotation cycle were 31 kg/ha for PWW and RWW and 87 kg/ha for WWW. Application of N fertilizer reduced the N deficit to 13 kg/ha for PWW and resulted in N gains of 22 kg/ha for WWW and 82 kg/ha for RWW. Oilseed rape yields of this study were much lower than normal for the region, thus N removal in the grain was low. It is concluded that pea is superior to oilseed rape as a break crop, and to maintain N balance through the rotation, wheat following pea required about 20 kg/ha less fertilizer N than was applied to wheat following non-legume crops.

Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Liu ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
P. R. Warman ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Availability

Liu, K., Hammermeister, A. M., Warman, P. R., Drury, C. F. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 493–501. Quantifying soil nitrogen (N) availability at the end of a transition period for converting conventional fields to organic fields could enhance N management during the subsequent organic crop production phase. Soil total N (Ntot), KCl extractable N (KCl N) and potentially mineralizable N (No) were determined at the end of a 3-yr transition period. A complementary greenhouse ryegrass N bioassay was conducted using soils collected from the treated field plots. The field experiment consisted of six cropping systems comprising two N inputs (legume-based vs. manure-based) and three forage cropping treatments (0, 1 or 2 yr of forage in 4-yr rotations). The N input treatments consisted of alfalfa meal in the legume-based cropping system (LBCS) and composted beef manure in the manure-based cropping system (MBCS). Orthogonal contrasts suggested no differences in Ntot or KCl N either between LBCS and MBCS or between no-forage and forage cropping systems. However, in the greenhouse study, high cumulative N inputs in the MBCS resulted in significantly higher ryegrass N uptake and potentially mineralizable soil N than in the LBCS. Ryegrass N uptake ranged from 101 to 139 kg ha−1, which should be an adequate N supply for the succeeding potato crop. In the greenhouse, a ryegrass N bioassay effectively identified the differences in soil N availability. Ryegrass N uptake was linearly related to cumulative soil amendment N inputs but had no apparent relationship with N o. A systems approach provided a good assessment of N availability at the end of the transition period to organic production.

scholarly journals CROPPING SYSTEM AND POULTRY LITTER EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL SOIL NO3-N AND P

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 756c-756
Author(s):  
D.R. Earhart ◽  
V.A. Haby ◽  
M.L. Baker ◽  
A.T. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Time Of Application

Primary environmental concerns regarding application of poultry litter (PL) for crop production are nitrate leaching into ground water and increased levels of P in the soil that can erode into surface water. This study was initiated to investigate use of warm- and cool-season annual forage crops to remove excess nutrients supplied by PL in rotational-cropping systems on a Bowie fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults). PL was applied at one (1×) or two (2×) times the recommended rate in the spring, fall, or spring and fall. Rates were based on N requirement of the crop and percent N in the litter. Comparisons were made to fertilizer blends (FB) and control treatments with no PL or FB. After 3 years of treatments, NO3-N increased at the 122-cm depth by 30 and 50 mg·kg–1 from the 1× and 2× rate, respectively. The greatest accumulation was from FB (72 mg·kg–1). With PL applied in spring only, spring vegetables followed by a fall cover showed a significant reduction in NO3-N leaching and accumulation. Regardless of cropping system, rate, or time of application, P concentration increased by 40 mg·kg–1 in the surface 15 cm of soil when compared to FB. If applied in an environmentally sound manner, PL will be less of a threat to pollution of ground water than similar rates of FB. Applying PL rates sufficient to meet crop needs for N results in P accumulation that can lead to nonpoint source pollution of surface waters.

Nitrogen availability from dairy cow dung and urine applied to forage grasses in eastern Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Philippe Rochette ◽  
Martin Chantigny ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Denis Angers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Eastern Canada

Bélanger, G., Rochette, P., Chantigny, M., Ziadi, N., Angers, D., Charbonneau, E., Pellerin, D. and Liang, C. 2015. Nitrogen availability from dairy cow dung and urine applied to forage grasses in eastern Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 55–65. Nitrogen availability from dung and urine excreted by dairy cows has been studied extensively but few studies have been conducted in areas with short growing seasons and cold winters. We assessed N availability from dairy cow urine and dung applied to forage grasses under the cool conditions of eastern Canada, with a focus on soil- and plant-based indicators. The experiment was conducted with timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-dominated swards on two soil types (clay, sandy loam) with three periods of application (mid-September, early June, early July) and four treatments: Control, Dung (1.75 kg fresh weight m−2), Diluted urine (U-50; 50 g N m−2), and Urine (U-100; 100 g N m−2) from lactating cows. Dry matter (DM) yield and N concentration were measured from several successive clippings. Ion exchange membranes (IEM) and crop N nutrition index (NNI) were used, respectively, as soil-based and plant-based indicators of N availability. Relative cumulative DM yields, calculated as cumulative DM yield over all clippings for a given treatment divided by maximum cumulative DM yield among the four treatments, increased from Control (clay: 31 - 69%; sandy loam: 21–63%) to Dung (clay: 39–84%; sandy loam: 46–86%) and U-50 (clay: 81–83%; sandy loam: 78–100%). Relative values of cumulative N uptake were close to those of DM yields. The percentage of applied N taken up by the crop from all clippings was greater with urine (8–28%) than with dung (3–12%) on both soil types. Nitrogen from dung and urine was available to timothy at all periods of application, but urine N availability was greater than that of dung N. Nitrogen exposure, calculated as cumulative mineral N on IEMs, and NNI were both related to relative DM yield (R 2>0.61; P<0.001), confirming their capacity to assess N availability to forage grasses receiving dung and urine excreted by dairy cows.

scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF CEREAL AND GREEN MANURE ON THE BASIS OF NUTRIENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušra ARLAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Viktorija GECAITĖ ◽  
Danutė JABLONSKYTĖ-RAŠČĖ
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Research was carried out at the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry’s (LAMMC) Joniškėlis Experimental Station on a clay loam Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol. The study was aimed to explore the aboveground mass of perennial forage legumes: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and their mixtures with festulolium (x Festuliolium), used as green manure, qualitative parameters and compatibility with cereals on the basis of nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The deficiency of other nutrients (P, K) and intensity of green manure mineralization can lead to N absorption. It has been determined that winter wheat takes one kg of N together with 0.2 kg P and 0.6 kg K. Spring wheat requires a similar amount of P but a higher amount of K. Average winter wheat grain yield can be 4.0 t ha-1 on a clay loam Cambisol in organic cropping system. NPK content – 134 kg ha-1 is needed for such productivity (grain + straw). This content is lower for spring winter growing. P:N and K:N ratios are more favourable in perennial forage legume mixture with festulolium, as compared to legume alone. To obtain grain yields of 4 t ha-1 of winter wheat and 3 t ha-1 of spring wheat in balanced organic crop rotation it is sufficient to apply 3.0 and 2.0 t ha-1 DM of pure legume mass as green manure. “Cut-and-carry” fertilisers do not satisfy the wheat demand for P.

scholarly journals Effect of Cropping System on Residual Soil P from Poultry Litter Application

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 604F-605
Author(s):  
M.L. Baker ◽  
D.R. Earhart ◽  
V.A. Haby
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Rate Of Increase

When poultry litter (PL) is applied to meet the nitrogen (N) needed for plant growth, phosphorus (P) can accumulate, leading to non-point source pollution of surface water. This study was conducted at Overton, Texas on a Bowie fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) to investigate the use of warm- and cool-season forage legumes in rotational cropping systems to remove excess P. Cropping systems were: spring legume—fall vegetable (SL-FV), spring vegetable—fall legume (SV-FL), and spring vegetable-fall vegetable (SV-FV). Warm- and cool-season legumes were Iron and Clay cowpea and crimson clover, respectively. Poultry litter rates were 0, 1X, 2X, 4X, and commercial blend (CB) as subplots. Fertility treatments were applied to vegetable plots only. The crop, IX PL and CB rate for each season were: spring 1995—watermelon, 2.2 t·ha-1, 48.8N—12.2P—28K kg·ha-1; fall 1995—turnip, 8.3 t·ha-1, 89.6N—24.4P—28K kg·ha-1; spring 1996—tomato, 6.7 t·ha-1, 100.9N—17.1P—78.5K kg·ha-1. Soil P increased at all depths sampled (0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 cm) as PL rate increased. Residual P from CB was equal to the control. Through spring 1996, soil P concentration in the surface 0-15 cm was increased by all systems. System SV-FL reduced P accumulation by 35.6 mg·kg-1 when compared to SL-FV and 44.7 mg·kg-1 when compared to SV-FV. Residual P continued to increase as PL rate increased. Rate of increase was reduced by a system of SV-FL.

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