Validation of a Vision-Based, Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging System

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ayoub ◽  
A. Garrahy ◽  
C. Hood ◽  
J. White ◽  
M. Bock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Facial Morphology ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Registration Errors ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Full Face

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) imaging system in recording facial morphology. Methods Twenty-one infants with cleft lip each had a full-face alginate impression taken at the time of primary lip repair, and a stone cast was constructed from each impression. Five anthropometric points were marked on each cast. Each cast was digitized, and the 3D co-ordinates of the five points were obtained using a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM, Ferranti) of documented accuracy (9.53 μm). Each cast was scanned in four positions using a computerized stereophotogrammetry (C3D) system. The five points were located on the 3D images, and their 3D co-ordinates were extracted by three operators. The co-ordinate systems produced by C3D were aligned, via translation and rotation, to match the CMM co-ordinate system using partial ordinary procrustes analysis. The displacements of the adjusted C3D co-ordinates from the reference co-ordinates were then measured. Three different types of errors were identified: operator, system, and registration errors. Results Operator error was within 0.2 mm of the true co-ordinates of the landmarks. C3D was accurate within 0.4 mm. The average displacement of points over the 21 casts at four positions for the three operators was 0.79 mm (median 0.68). Conclusions The presented 3D imaging system is reliable in recording facial deformity and could be utilized in recording cleft deformities and measuring the changes following surgery

scholarly journals Application of Three-Dimensional Imaging to the Intestinal Crypt Organoids and Biopsied Intestinal Tissues

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Chen ◽  
Ya-Hui Tsai ◽  
Yuan-An Liu ◽  
Shih-Hua Lee ◽  
Sheng-Hong Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Intestinal Transplantation ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Nerve Network ◽  
Transplant Patients

Two-dimensional (2D) histopathology is the standard analytical method for intestinal biopsied tissues; however, the role of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging system in the analysis of the intestinal tissues is unclear. The 3D structure of the crypt organoids from the intestinal stem cell culture and intestinal tissues from the donors and recipients after intestinal transplantation was observed using a 3D imaging system and compared with 2D histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The crypt organoids and intestinal tissues showed well-defined 3D structures. The 3D images of the intestinal tissues with acute rejection revealed absence of villi and few crypts, which were consistent with the histopathological features. In the intestinal transplant for megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome, the donor’s intestinal tissues had well-developed nerve networks and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the muscle layer, while the recipient’s intestinal tissues had distorted nerve network and the ICCs were few and sparsely distributed, relative to those of the donor. The 3D images showed a clear spatial relationship between the microstructures of the small bowel and the features of graft rejection. In conclusion, integration of the 3D imaging and 2D histopathology provided a global view of the intestinal tissues from the transplant patients.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional imaging of hold baggage for airport security

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-5 ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
S. Kolokytha ◽  
R. Speller ◽  
S. Robson
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Tomographic Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Airport Security ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Common System ◽  
Close Range

This study describes a cost-effective check-in baggage screening system, based on "on-belt tomosynthesis" (ObT) and close-range photogrammetry, that is designed to address the limitations of the most common system used, conventional projection radiography. The latter's limitations can lead to loss of information and an increase in baggage handling time, as baggage is manually searched or screened with more advanced systems. This project proposes a system that overcomes such limitations creating a cost-effective automated pseudo-3D imaging system, by combining x-ray and optical imaging to form digital tomograms. Tomographic reconstruction requires a knowledge of the change in geometry between multiple x-ray views of a common object. This is uniquely achieved using a close range photogrammetric system based on a small network of web-cameras. This paper presents the recent developments of the ObT system and describes recent findings of the photogrammetric system implementation. Based on these positive results, future work on the advancement of the ObT system as a cost-effective pseudo-3D imaging of hold baggage for airport security is proposed.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Facial Morphology in Normal Japanese Children as Control Data for Cleft Surgery

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Yamada ◽  
Yoshihide Mori ◽  
Katsuhiro Minami ◽  
Katsuaki Mishima ◽  
Yuichi Tsukamoto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Facial Morphology ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face Width ◽  
Upper Face ◽  
Normal Japanese

Objective: This study presents an analysis of three-dimensional facial forms of normal Japanese children. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional data (n = 247) were available from the Ikeda Public Health Center. Patients and Participants: Three groups of children (ninety-seven 4-month-old infants, fifty-four 1.5-year-old children, and eighty 3.5-year-old children) were analyzed using a three-dimensional anthropometric technique. Main Outcome Measures: Three-dimensional coordinates of facial landmarks were extracted automatically from XYZ data sets and photo images of an optical surface scanner. Results: Only minor gender differences were noted. Lip height was not correlated with other facial dimensions. There was a significant correlation between upper face, nose, and mouth widths. Compared with adults, the upper face width was larger (approximately 70% to 80% of adults) than the middle and lower parts of the face. Width ratios were greater than height and depth ratios. The lip height ratio, however, was larger than the lip width ratio, and the angle of the cupid's bow was more acute in children. The angle of the nose was more obtuse, particularly in the axial plane. Conclusions: In cleft lip surgery involving young children, there may be no need to consider gender differences. Some characteristic differences exist between children and adults, however, and normal standards for children would be helpful in plastic surgery.

The role of three-dimensional imaging in patients with cleft lip and palate

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
Lauren Gardner ◽  
Toby Gillgrass ◽  
Mark Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Scanning ◽  
Fixed Prosthodontics ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Dental Hospital ◽  
Aided Design

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is revolutionising patient assessment, diagnosis, management and treatment planning. Restorative dentistry is using optical scanning such as the computer aided design/computer aided manufacture systems to help with tooth preparation design and construction of fixed prosthodontics. Other specialties in dentistry are frequently employing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to facilitate 3D imaging. This article outlines how CBCT and 3D sterophotogrammetry have been used in the management of cleft lip and palate with reference to the cleft team based at Glasgow Dental Hospital.

scholarly journals Depth-varying Density and Organization of Chondrocytes in Immature and Mature Bovine Articular Cartilage Assessed by 3D Imaging and Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1109-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Jadin ◽  
Benjamin L. Wong ◽  
Won C. Bae ◽  
Kelvin W. Li ◽  
Amanda K. Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neighboring Cell ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Heterogeneous Tissue

Articular cartilage is a heterogeneous tissue, with cell density and organization varying with depth from the surface. The objectives of the present study were to establish a method for localizing individual cells in three-dimensional (3D) images of cartilage and quantifying depth-associated variation in cellularity and cell organization at different stages of growth. Accuracy of nucleus localization was high, with 99% sensitivity relative to manual localization. Cellularity (million cells per cm3) decreased from 290, 310, and 150 near the articular surface in fetal, calf, and adult samples, respectively, to 120, 110, and 50 at a depth of 1.0 mm. The distance/angle to the nearest neighboring cell was 7.9 μm/31°, 7.1 μm/31°, and 9.1 μm/31° for cells at the articular surface of fetal, calf, and adult samples, respectively, and increased/decreased to 11.6 μm/31°, 12.0 μm/30°, and 19.2 μm/25° at a depth of 0.7 mm. The methodologies described here may be useful for analyzing the 3D cellular organization of cartilage during growth, maturation, aging, degeneration, and regeneration.

scholarly journals A Review on Dual-Lens Fluorescence Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Yubing Han ◽  
Wenjie Liu ◽  
Cuifang Kuang ◽  
Xu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Model Animal

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging using dual-lens fluorescence microscopies is popular in observing fluorescently labeled biological samples, such as mammalian/model animal cells, tissues, and embryos. Specifically, dual-lens super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods using two opposing objective lenses allow significantly higher axial resolution and better signal to noise ratio than traditional single-lens counterparts, and thus distinguish more details in 3D images of fine intracellular structures. For 3D imaging of thick tissues and entire embryos, dual-lens light-sheet fluorescence microscopy methods using two objective lenses, either orthogonal or non-orthogonal, to achieve selective plane illumination, can meet the requirements, and thus can be used to observe embryo development and structures of interest in thick tissues. This review summarizes both dual-lens fluorescence microscopy methods, including their principles, configurations, and 3D imaging applications, providing a guideline for biological laboratories with different 3D imaging needs.

scholarly journals A Microwave Three-Dimensional Imaging Method Based on Optimal Wave Spectrum Reconstruction

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7306
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Baoping Wang ◽  
Yang Fang ◽  
Zuxun Song
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Spectrum Reconstruction ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Target Wave

Limited by the Shannon–Nyquist sampling law, the number of antenna elements and echo signal data of the traditional microwave three-dimensional (3D) imaging system are extremely high. Compressed sensing imaging methods based on sparse representation of target scene can reduce the data sampling rate, but the dictionary matrix of these methods takes a lot of memory, and the imaging has poor quality for continuously distributed targets. For the above problems, a microwave 3D imaging method based on optimal wave spectrum reconstruction and optimization with target reflectance gradient is proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of the target echo in the frequency domain, this method constructs an orthogonal projection reconstruction model for the wavefront to realize the optimal reconstruction of the target wave spectrum. Then, the inverse Fourier transform of the optimal target wave spectrum is optimized according to the law of the target reflectance gradient distribution. The proposed method has the advantages of less memory space and less computation time. What is more, the method has a better imaging quality for the continuously distributed target. The computer simulation experiment and microwave anechoic chamber measurement experiment verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Adaptive 3D Imaging for Moving Targets Based on a SIMO InISAR Imaging System in 0.2 THz Band

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Hongwei Li ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Shiyou Wu ◽  
Shen Zheng ◽  
Guangyou Fang
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Moving Targets ◽  
Thz Imaging ◽  
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Aperture Radar

Terahertz (THz) imaging technology has received increased attention in recent years and has been widely applied, whereas the three-dimensional (3D) imaging for moving targets remains to be solved. In this paper, an adaptive 3D imaging scheme is proposed based on a single input and multi-output (SIMO) interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) imaging system to achieve 3D images of moving targets in THz band. With a specially designed SIMO antenna array, the angular information of the targets can be determined using the phase response difference in different receiving channels, which then enables accurate tracking by adaptively adjusting the antenna beam direction. On the basis of stable tracking, the high-resolution imaging can be achieved. A combined motion compensation method is proposed to produce well-focused and coherent inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images from different channels, based on which the interferometric imaging is performed, thus forming the 3D imaging results. Lastly, proof-of-principle experiments were performed with a 0.2 THz SIMO imaging system, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Non-cooperative moving targets were accurately tracked and the 3D images obtained clearly identify the targets. Moreover, the dynamic imaging results of the moving targets were achieved. The promising results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over the existing THz imaging systems in realizing 3D imaging for moving targets. The proposed scheme shows great potential in detecting and monitoring moving targets with non-cooperative movement, including unmanned military vehicles and space debris.

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