scholarly journals Ascent Velocity of Plasmoids Generated by Surface Discharges

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 046-046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe WENZEL
Keyword(s):  
Surface Discharges ◽  
Ascent Velocity

scholarly journals Visual Appearance of Oil on the Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Merv Fingas
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Surface Discharges ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Spilled Oil

The visual appearance of oil spills at sea is often used as an indicator of spilled oil properties, state and slick thickness. These appearances and the oil properties that are associated with them are reviewed in this paper. The appearance of oil spills is an estimator of thickness of thin oil slicks, thinner than a rainbow sheen (<3 µm). Rainbow sheens have a strong physical explanation. Thicker oil slicks (e.g., >3 µm) are not correlated with a given oil appearance. At one time, the appearance of surface discharges from ships was thought to be correlated with discharge rate and vessel speed; however, this approach is now known to be incorrect. Oil on the sea can sometimes form water-in-oil emulsions, dependent on the properties of the oil, and these are often reddish in color. These can be detected visually, providing useful information on the state of the oil. Oil-in-water emulsions can be seen as a coffee-colored cloud below the water surface. Other information gleaned from the oil appearance includes coverage and distribution on the surface.

Climbing Performance in U23 and Professional Cyclists during a Multi-stage Race

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Leo ◽  
James Spragg ◽  
Dieter Simon ◽  
Justin Lawley ◽  
Iñigo Mujika
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Ascent Velocity ◽  
Race Performance

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze climbing performance across two editions of a professional multistage race, and assess the influence of climb category, prior workload, and intensity measures on climbing performance in U23 and professional cyclists. Nine U23 cyclists (age 20.8±0.9 years) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1±3.2 years) participated in this study. Data were divided into four types: overall race performance, climb category, climbing performance metrics (power output, ascent velocity, speed), and workload and intensity measures. Differences in performance metrics and workload and intensity measures between groups were investigated. Power output, ascent velocity, speed were higher in professionals than U23 cyclists for Cat 1 and Cat 2 (p≤0.001–0.016). Workload and intensity measures (Worktotal, Worktotal∙km-1, Elevationgain, eTRIMP and eTRIMP∙km-1) were higher in U23 compared to professionals (p=0.002–0.014). Climbing performance metrics were significantly predicted by prior workload and intensity measures for Cat 1 and 2 (R2=0.27–0.89, p≤0.001–0.030) but not Cat 3. These findings reveal that climbing performance in professional road cycling is influenced by climb categorization as well as prior workload and intensity measures. Combined, these findings suggest that Cat 1 and 2 climbing performance could be predicted from workload and intensity measures.

Gas diffusion from ascending gas bubbles

1969 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Pressure Balance ◽  
Spherical Bubble ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Ascent Velocity

General qualitative rules are derived for the behaviour of the volume of an ascending spherical bubble and of the gas pressure within it. Three modes of behaviour are discerned, corresponding to as many possible orderings of the relative influences of ascent velocity, gas leakage and surface tension on the volume and the pressure balance. These general results are nearly independent of the particular forms of the ascent velocity and gas exchange functions. Quantitative results are presented for the Stokes law régime.

scholarly journals Surface discharges on RF window dielectrics.

Shinku ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
Yoshio SAITO ◽  
Shin'ichiro MICHIZONO ◽  
Shozo ANAMI ◽  
Akira KINBARA ◽  
Shin'ichi KOBAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Rf Window ◽  
Surface Discharges
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