scholarly journals ‘Expression Education’ and Evaluation of Developed Countries －Case of France and New Zealand－

2014 ◽  
Vol null (99) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
JANGHANUP
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Developed Countries

scholarly journals Yersiniosis in New Zealand

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Lucia Rivas ◽  
Hugo Strydom ◽  
Shevaun Paine ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jackie Wright
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
One Health ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Insufficient Sensitivity

The rate of yersiniosis in New Zealand (NZ) is high compared with other developed countries, and rates have been increasing over recent years. Typically, >99% of human cases in NZ are attributed to Yersinia enterocolitica (YE), although in 2014, a large outbreak of 220 cases was caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Up until 2012, the most common NZ strain was YE biotype 4. The emergent strain since this time is YE biotype 2/3 serotype O:9. The pathogenic potential of some YE biotypes remains unclear. Most human cases of yersiniosis are considered sporadic without an identifiable source. Key restrictions in previous investigations included insufficient sensitivity for the isolation of Yersinia spp. from foods, although foodborne transmission is the most likely route of infection. In NZ, YE has been isolated from a variety of sick and healthy domestic and farm animals but the pathways from zoonotic reservoir to human remain unproven. Whole-genome sequencing provides unprecedented discriminatory power for typing Yersinia and is now being applied to NZ epidemiological investigations. A “One-Health” approach is necessary to elucidate the routes of transmission of Yersinia and consequently inform targeted interventions for the prevention and management of yersiniosis in NZ

scholarly journals Underestimating Lifespans? Why Longevity Risk Exists in Retirement Planning and Superannuation Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alison O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
Longevity Risk ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
New Zealanders

<p>The pace of increasing life expectancy in recent decades came as a surprise to demographers, as mortality rates unexpectedly improved at the oldest ages in developed countries. The most common policy response, although one not yet planned for New Zealand, is to increase eligibility age for the public pension. Given the complexity and uncertainty of processes driving mortality improvement, future lifespans cannot be known. However, it is questionable whether policy makers and individuals understand the extent of past and likely future lifespan increase. Available evidence suggests individuals tend to underestimate how long they may live. Population mortality forecasts are generally conservative and poorly explain longevity uncertainties. Longevity risk - the possibility that future lifespans will be longer than anticipated - threatens individuals' pre-retirement financial planning and public pension policy. This thesis examines the extent of longevity risk, its causes, significance and remedies, in these two domains, for New Zealand. The theoretical existence of longevity risk has been acknowledged, but has not been subject to critical analysis in New Zealand or elsewhere. Here, a unique generalisable methodology exploiting insights available from international mortality comparisons is designed, combining actuarial and demographic theory. After assessing the flaws in the time-dependent or period approach to measurement of life expectancy that are known in theory but underexplored in practice, the method emphasises the lifecourse or cohort approach. The three factors that determine longevity risk - plausible population lifespan prospects, the lifespan assumptions used by policy makers and individuals' subjective lifespan expectations - are identified and the relationships between them analysed for New Zealand. An interpretation of the consistency of New Zealand's past mortality trends and future projections with those of other British settler countries, supplemented by a review of the consequences of mortality variance within New Zealand, shows that plausible lifespans in New Zealand are likely to be higher than those in the official projections on which policy makers rely. The first survey to ask how long New Zealanders think they will live shows that collectively, New Zealanders are more likely to underestimate future lifespan than not, based on a variety of beliefs about mortality that are not consistent with the evidence on increasing lifespans. Longevity risk from underestimation of future lifespans is revealed in New Zealand policy making and in individual New Zealanders' retirement plans. The most likely cause is the repeated misuse of life expectancy indicators in an environment lacking public discourse about increasing longevity. A remedy would be switching from using flawed period life expectancy indicators to using cohort life expectancy or modal age at death. Using plausible estimates for future lifespans based on more optimistic estimates than the official projections most often referenced would be important but mitigate longevity risk to a lesser extent. A more extensive public debate than has been held so far about eligibility age for New Zealand's public pension would itself, if using appropriate indicators for future lifespans, provide an opportunity to address longevity risk.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing the Economic Impact of North-South Free Trade Agreements -- China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement and China-Australia Free Trade Agreement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jinzhu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Competition Effect ◽  
The North

<p>This research develops a model of assessing the economic impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) between developed countries and developing countries (north-south FTAs). This model goes beyond the conventional studies that use static effects in traditional gains as primary indicators of the economic impact, and incorporates dynamics effects as well as non-traditional gains for a more accurate assessment. The research uses China's north-south FTAs, namely, China's FTA with New Zealand - the first comprehensive FTA that China has signed with a developed country - and the proposed FTA between China and Australia. Both cases provide an ideal empirical basis for testing the proposed model. After introduction of the research problem, design and methodology, Part I of the study provides a general discussion of the FTAs between China and New Zealand, and China and Australia as a background to the research. Part II starts with the conventional model of traditional gains. It first demonstrates how the static effect of the north-south FTA is analyzed in Robson's three-country model. It shows that in his model, the trade creation effect is dominant in the free trade area. The study then introduces the concept of dynamic effect of traditional gains. The study first uses the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index to analyse the competition effect of trade in goods by industries among China, New Zealand and Australia. It then discusses the competition effect of trade in services in categories through Trade Competitive Power (TC) indexes. The study further examines the effect of investment creation after the China-New Zealand FTA and China-Australia FTA entered into force. The findings of this section on the dynamic effect are that China would have negative impact on cattle husbandry, forestry, mining and some categories of services which are also the industries that New Zealand and Australia would further develop in China's market. In Part III, the study discusses non-traditional gains as important indicators of the economic impact of FTAs. It incorporates the hub & spoke theory (H&S) with Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) strategies of China, New Zealand and Australia. The study shows that the north-south FTAs are important components for both developed countries and developing countries' RTAs strategies. The China-New Zealand FTA and the proposed China-Australia FTA are the wedges between China and the advanced economies system. Meanwhile, the China-New Zealand FTA will be a model for future north-south FTAs involving China. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the complicated and dynamic relationship between FTAs among countries of different levels of economic development and their overall economic growth and development. It also adds to our knowledge about how this relationship can be better analyzed and explained.</p>

scholarly journals How to get closer together: impacts of income inequality and policy responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Barber
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Dysfunction ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Relationship

Professors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett in The Spirit Level (2010) have documented the relationship between income inequality and health and social dysfunction across 25 developed countries including New Zealand, and summarised their findings in their Index of Health and Social Problems (IHSP). The results of this work show that New Zealand is performing poorly in comparison to countries with lower levels of income inequality. Their research has prompted debate in New Zealand (see Policy Quarterly issues of May and August 2011), and an example of the influence of their work can be seen in the references and measures chosen for the Treasury’s Living Standards Framework released in May 2011.   

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling of Acute Rheumatic Fever

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Melissa Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Acute Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deterministic Methods ◽  
The World

<p>Acute rheumatic fever is a major cause of heart disease in many parts of the world. Though it is generally considered rare in developed countries, is remains a large issue in New Zealand. Of particular concern is the prevalence of acute rheumatic fever among Maori and Paci c Island peoples. In this thesis we develop a model to simulate acute rheumatic fever in a population. We discuss the use of both deterministic methods and stochastic processes. Demographics and statistics speci c to New Zealand are then used to develop the model in a way that ts speci cally to the situation in New Zealand. We also consider the introduction of treatment strategies for acute rheumatic fever and discuss how risk factors can be used to focus such strategies.</p>

Prevalence and natural history of otitis media with perforation in Maori school children

1991 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giles ◽  
I. Asher
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
School Children ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Practical Implications

AbstractNew Zealand Maoris are one of five ethnic groups in developed countries known to have a high rate of ear disease, including perforation of the eardrum (CSOM). It is a strongly held belief by otolaryngologists whose practice dates back to the 1960's that the prevalence of CSOM in Maori children is gradually falling. Despite the obvious practical implications this change has not yet been documented.The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of CSOM in two surveys conducted in 1978 and 1987 of children living in a North Island Maori community. A second aim was to examine the natural history of CSOM in these children.The raw data from the 1978 study were reviewed. Of 134 children aged 4–13,12 had CSOM. In 1987 the same age group yielded 12 children out of 250 with CSOM. The prevalence of CSOM fell from 9 per cent to 4 per cent. The incidence of new perforations in 1987 was 1.3 per cent per child per year. It is concluded there has been a fall in the rate of CSOM, although otitis media remains a significant problem for these children.The probability of a perforation healing was influenced by whether or not the perforation had been observed before: at least 35 per cent of perforations seen for the first time healed, but none of the perforations seen on two occsaions healed spontaneously. It was concluded that perforation of the eardrum can be managed conservatively at first.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in a Geographically Isolated Country with a Uniquely Structured Poultry Industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 2145-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra M�llner ◽  
Julie M. Collins-Emerson ◽  
Anne C. Midwinter ◽  
Philip Carter ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Human Sequence ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT In New Zealand the number of campylobacteriosis notifications increased markedly between 2000 and 2007. Notably, this country's poultry supply is different than that of many developed countries as the fresh and frozen poultry available at retail are exclusively of domestic origin. To examine the possible link between human cases and poultry, a sentinel surveillance site was established to study the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni over a 3-year period from 2005 to 2008 using multilocus sequence typing. Studies showed that 60.1 to 81.4% of retail poultry carcasses from the major suppliers were contaminated with C. jejuni. Differences were detected in the probability and level of contamination and the relative frequency of genotypes for individual poultry suppliers and humans. Some carcasses were contaminated with isolates belonging to more than one sequence type (ST), and there was evidence of both ubiquitous and supplier-associated strains, an epidemiological pattern not recognized yet in other countries. The common poultry STs were also common in human clinical cases, providing evidence that poultry is a major contributor to human infection. Both internationally rare genotypes, such as ST-3069 and ST-474, and common genotypes, such as ST-45 and ST-48, were identified in this study. The dominant human sequence type in New Zealand, ST-474, was found almost exclusively in isolates from one poultry supplier, which provided evidence that C. jejuni has a distinctive molecular epidemiology in this country. These results may be due in part to New Zealand's geographical isolation and its uniquely structured poultry industry.

scholarly journals Designing a National Restaurant Inspection Disclosure System for New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATIE FILION ◽  
DOUGLAS POWELL
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Restaurant Inspections ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Service Inspection

The World Health Organization estimates that up to 30% of individuals in developed countries become ill from contaminated food or water each year, and up to 70% of these illnesses are estimated to be linked to food service facilities. The aim of restaurant inspections is to reduce foodborne outbreaks and enhance consumer confidence in food service. Inspection disclosure systems have been developed as tools for consumers and incentives for food service operators. Disclosure systems are common in developed countries but are inconsistently used, possibly because previous research has not determined the best format for disclosing inspection results. This study was conducted to develop a consistent, compelling, and trusted inspection disclosure system for New Zealand. Existing international and national disclosure systems were evaluated. Two cards, a letter grade (A, B, C, or F) and a gauge (speedometer style), were designed to represent a restaurant's inspection result and were provided to 371 premises in six districts for 3 months. Operators (n = 269) and consumers (n = 991) were interviewed to determine which card design best communicated inspection results. Less than half of the consumers noticed cards before entering the premises; these data indicated that the letter attracted more initial attention (78%) than the gauge (45%). Fifty-eight percent (38) of the operators with the gauge preferred the letter; and 79% (47) of the operators with letter preferred the letter. Eighty-eight percent (133) of the consumers in gauge districts preferred the letter, and 72% (161) of those in letter districts preferring the letter. Based on these data, the letter method was recommended for a national disclosure system for New Zealand.

scholarly journals MOOCs and Education Access: Evidence from New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Cao
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
The Relationship

<p><b>Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are free online courses available for anyone to enrol in and are aimed at unlimited participation (Siemens, 2013). One aim of MOOCs is to increase the accessibility of tertiary education to people who would not usually have access to it.</b></p> <p>The past decade has seen a rapid development of these courses with a stream of research focused on this new teaching innovation. While there has been research on how MOOCs are developed and why students enrol in MOOCs, there has been relatively less research focused on the accessibility to students in different countries, including those that could be considered less economically developed.</p> <p>This study used a mixed-methods research approach to examine the relationship between MOOCs and the education access of these courses for students, internationally. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from both the students' and lecturers' perspectives of two MOOCs taught in a New Zealand university. Quantitative data on the students' demographics and motivations were provided by the EdX platform. These data indicated that most students enrolled in the two MOOCs were from developed countries. Correlation analysis and multivariate regression were used to examine the relationship between students' participation rate and development level in the country where the students were studying. The statistical results indicate that students from developed countries were more likely to enrol in the MOOCs than students from developing countries. </p> <p>Given that MOOCs aim to engage diverse groups of students globally, qualitative data in the form of interviews were used to address the following questions: What are the lecturers' motivations to teach these MOOCs; which groups of students did the lecturers target in their teaching; and how did the lecturers adapt the courses to cater for the learners' diversity? The lecturers anticipated that most MOOCs students were from developed countries and had tertiary degrees. Although the lecturers applied several approaches to engage diverse groups of students, their demographics were largely aligned with the lecturers' expectations. The role of the MOOCs in increasing accessibility to higher education for students who were traditionally excluded was limited.</p>

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