Materials Requirements for IR Detectors and Imagers

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ir Detectors ◽  
Current State ◽  
Considerable Complexity

ABSTRACTThe requirements of infrared systems have increased significantly over the years, from the simple linear, low resolution, photoconductive array to the present-day, large area, high-density, photodiode (MIS and metalurgical) arrays, with on-focal-plane signal processing of considerable complexity. The success that has been achieved in meeting the performance goals appropriate for these systems has been due, to a large degree, to significant advances in the relevant materials technologies. The technologies of importance over the last twenty years are briefly reviewed, and the current state of the art, with its dominance by intrinsic alloy materials, is addressed in detail. The limitations of current bulk and epitaxial intrinsic materials technologies are considerable, both from a performance and a producibility point of view, when compared to the quality and quantity of material required by future infrared systems. These limitations are considered together with possible ways to overcome them.

Characterization of Microlens Structures Fabricated in Cd1-xZnxTe and Cdte/Si IRFPA Substrate Materials

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
P.R. Boyd ◽  
U. Lee ◽  
J. Little ◽  
D. Morton ◽  
A.J. Stoltz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Plane ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Infrared Detector ◽  
Focal Plane Arrays ◽  
Readout Circuit ◽  
Antireflective Coatings ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Current State

The ternary II-VT alloy Hg1-xCdxTe has become the material of choice for many infrared detector applications. Current state of the art Hg1-xCdxTe infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) are constructed as hybrid structures consisting of an epitaxial sensing layer of Hg1-xCdxTe on either a CdTe or Cd1-xZnxTe substrate, hybridized to a silicon readout circuit chip. For backside illuminated structures, like the typical infrared Hg1-xCdxTe detector array, multilayer antireflective coatings (AR) are required on the backside of the detector chip. The next generation of higher performance IRFPAs will be based on high densities of smaller detector pixels fabricated on large area monolithic heteroepitaxial substrate materials. Since the ultimate performance of photovoltaic diodes of this type is determined by the signal to noise ratio of the device, reducing the size of the pixels while lowering the undesirable noise currents in the devices also reduces the amount of signal generated by the diode.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERIZED MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE MOBILE ROBOT’S POSITIONING ON LARGE FERROMAGNETIC SURFACES BASED ON INTELLIGENT TECHNIQUES. COMPLEX OF TASKS OF MONITORING AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF MOBILE

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Yao Yueqin ◽  
Oleksiy Kozlov ◽  
Oleksandr Gerasin ◽  
Galyna Kondratenko
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Monitoring And Control System ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Automatic Control Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Computerized Monitoring ◽  
And Control

Analysis and formalization of the monitoring and automatic control tasks of the MR for the movement and execution of various types of technological operations on inclined and vertical ferromagnetic surfaces are obtained. Generalized structure of mobile robotic complex is shown with main subsystems consideration. Critical analysis of the current state of the problem of development of universal structures of mobile robots (MRs) for the various types of technological operations execution and elaborations of computerized systems for monitoring and control of MR movement is done. In particular, wheeled, walked and crawler type MRs with pneumatic, vacuum-propeller, magnetic and magnetically operated clamping devices to grip with vertical and ceiling surfaces are reviewed. The constructive features of the crawler MR with magnetic clamping devices capable of moving along sloping ferromagnetic surfaces are considered. The basic technical parameters of the MR are shown for the further synthesis of computerized monitoring and automatic control systems. Formalization of the tasks of monitoring and control of the MR positioning at the processing of large area ferromagnetic surfaces is considered from the point of view of control theory.

scholarly journals Ultra-Low-Energy Straintronics Using Multiferroic Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuntal Roy
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Analog Signal ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Voltage Gain ◽  
Magnetization Dynamics ◽  
Current State

ABSTRACTThe primary impediment to continued improvement of charge-based electronics is the excessive energy dissipation incurred in switching a bit of information. With suitable choice of materials, devices made of multiferroic composites, i.e., strain-coupled piezoelectric-magnetostrictive heterostructures, dissipate miniscule amount of energy of ∼1 attojoule at room-temperature, while switching in sub-nanosecond delay. Apart from devising memory bits, such devices can be also utilized for building logic, so that they can be deemed suitable for computing purposes as well. Here, we first review the current state of the art for building nanoelectronics using multiferroic composites. On a recent development, it is shown that these multiferroic straintronic devices can be also utilized for analog signal processing, with suitable choice of materials. By solving stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of magnetization dynamics at room-temperature, it is shown that we can achieve a voltage gain, i.e., these straintronic devices can act as voltage amplifiers.

Paper 22: Timing Belt Drives

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (15) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
D. A. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Application ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Belt Drives ◽  
Application Point ◽  
Current State ◽  
Timing Belt ◽  
Drive Belt ◽  
Synchronous Drive

Over the last 15 years the synchronous drive belt has become an established part of the power transmission scene. It is not a direct substitute for any of the more traditional transmission media; the unique properties of the belt make it complementary to them. This paper describes the current state of the art mainly from an industrial application point of view. This approach necessarily includes certain production information and the background to the power rating table.

scholarly journals Using Social Signals to Predict Shoplifting: A Transparent Approach to a Sensitive Activity Analysis Problem

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6812
Author(s):  
Shane Reid ◽  
Sonya Coleman ◽  
Philip Vance ◽  
Dermot Kerr ◽  
Siobhan O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Social Signal Processing ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Current State ◽  
Social Signal ◽  
High Degree

Retail shoplifting is one of the most prevalent forms of theft and has accounted for over one billion GBP in losses for UK retailers in 2018. An automated approach to detecting behaviours associated with shoplifting using surveillance footage could help reduce these losses. Until recently, most state-of-the-art vision-based approaches to this problem have relied heavily on the use of black box deep learning models. While these models have been shown to achieve very high accuracy, this lack of understanding on how decisions are made raises concerns about potential bias in the models. This limits the ability of retailers to implement these solutions, as several high-profile legal cases have recently ruled that evidence taken from these black box methods is inadmissible in court. There is an urgent need to develop models which can achieve high accuracy while providing the necessary transparency. One way to alleviate this problem is through the use of social signal processing to add a layer of understanding in the development of transparent models for this task. To this end, we present a social signal processing model for the problem of shoplifting prediction which has been trained and validated using a novel dataset of manually annotated shoplifting videos. The resulting model provides a high degree of understanding and achieves accuracy comparable with current state of the art black box methods.

Bioprinting Technology: A Current State-of-the-Art Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer B. Dababneh ◽  
Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Scaffold Fabrication ◽  
Current State ◽  
Artificial Tissue ◽  
A Current

Bioprinting is an emerging technology for constructing and fabricating artificial tissue and organ constructs. This technology surpasses the traditional scaffold fabrication approach in tissue engineering (TE). Currently, there is a plethora of research being done on bioprinting technology and its potential as a future source for implants and full organ transplantation. This review paper overviews the current state of the art in bioprinting technology, describing the broad range of bioprinters and bioink used in preclinical studies. Distinctions between laser-, extrusion-, and inkjet-based bioprinting technologies along with appropriate and recommended bioinks are discussed. In addition, the current state of the art in bioprinter technology is reviewed with a focus on the commercial point of view. Current challenges and limitations are highlighted, and future directions for next-generation bioprinting technology are also presented.

scholarly journals 2D perovskite-based high spatial resolution X-ray detectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amlan Datta ◽  
John Fiala ◽  
Shariar Motakef
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Large Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Current State ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Imaging Results

AbstractX-ray radiography is the most widely used imaging technique with applications encompassing medical and industrial imaging, homeland security, and materials research. Although a significant amount of research and development has gone into improving the spatial resolution of the current state-of-the-art indirect X-ray detectors, it is still limited by the detector thickness and microcolumnar structure quality. This paper demonstrates high spatial resolution X-ray imaging with solution-processable two-dimensional hybrid perovskite single-crystal scintillators grown inside microcapillary channels as small as 20 µm. These highly scalable non-hygroscopic detectors demonstrate excellent spatial resolution similar to the direct X-ray detectors. X-ray imaging results of a camera constructed using this scintillator show Modulation Transfer Function values significantly better than the current state-of-the-art X-ray detectors. These structured detectors open up a new era of low-cost large-area ultrahigh spatial resolution high frame rate X-ray imaging with numerous applications.

scholarly journals Translational equivalence in Statistical Machine Translation or meaning as co-occurrence

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieve Macken ◽  
Els Lefever
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Word Alignment ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Current State

In this paper, we will describe the current state-of-the-art of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), and reflect on how SMT handles meaning. Statistical Machine Translation is a corpus-based approach to MT: it de-rives the required knowledge to generate new translations from corpora. General-purpose SMT systems do not use any formal semantic representa-tion. Instead, they directly extract translationally equivalent words or word sequences – expressions with the same meaning – from bilingual parallel corpora. All statistical translation models are based on the idea of word alignment, i.e., the automatic linking of corresponding words in parallel texts. The first generation SMT systems were word-based. From a linguistic point of view, the major problem with word-based systems is that the mean-ing of a word is often ambiguous, and is determined by its context. Current state-of-the-art SMT-systems try to capture the local contextual dependen-cies by using phrases instead of words as units of translation. In order to solve more complex ambiguity problems (where a broader text scope or even domain information is needed), a Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) module is integrated in the Machine Translation environment.

scholarly journals Evidence from neurolinguistic methodologies: Can it actually inform linguistic/language acquisition theories and translate to evidence-based applications?

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Roberts ◽  
Jorge González Alonso ◽  
Christos Pliatsikas ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State

This special issue is a testament to the recent burgeoning interest by theoretical linguists, language acquisitionists and teaching practitioners in the neuroscience of language. It offers a highly valuable, state-of-the-art overview of the neurophysiological methods that are currently being applied to questions in the field of second language (L2) acquisition, teaching and processing. Research in the area of neurolinguistics has developed dramatically in the past 20 years, providing a wealth of exciting findings, many of which are discussed in the articles in this issue of the journal. The goal of this commentary is twofold. The first is to critically assess the current state of neurolinguistic data from the point of view of language acquisition and processing – informed by the articles that comprise this special issue and the literature as a whole – pondering how the neuroscience of language/processing might inform us with respect to linguistic and language acquisition theories. The second goal is to offer some links from implications of exploring the first goal towards informing language teachers and the creation of linguistically and neurolinguistically-informed evidence-based pedagogies for non-native language teaching.

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