The Fluids Experiment Apparatus (fea) and Rockwell's Industrial Space Processing Research Program

1986 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Space Processing ◽  
Experiment Hardware

AbstractRockwell International has long endeavored to stimulate industrial utilization of space for materials processing. A successful introductory briefing program to acquaint nonaerospace industry with the space environment, microgravity process phenomena, experiment hardware, and the programs available to conduct research in space has encouraged several companies to initiate space processing research projects.To help satisfy industry's microgravity experiment hardware requirements, Rockwell has developed a multipurpose materials processing laboratory for use on the Space Shuttle. The Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA) has been flown to perform floating zone crystal growth and purification research and is currently being used to support further crystal growth research with advanced materials for Rockwell. Other companies are preparing experiments that are expected to be conducted in the FEA on future Space Shuttle missions.Rockwell is developing, with NASA, a program that will allow industry to plan and fly microgravity materials processing experiments within a few months–much faster than the current one to two year lead time. This low-cost program, patterned after the NASA Joint Endeavor Program, provides Space Shuttle flight services and use ot the FEA to conduct scientific investigations. Rockwell plans to offer experiment integration and support services to industry as needed.

Microgravity Materials Processing for Commercial Applications

1986 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kohli ◽  
P. L. Brusky ◽  
S. Diamond ◽  
A. J. Markworth ◽  
V. D. McGinniss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Conducting Research

AbstractMaterials processing in a microgravity environment is aimed at developing commercial materials as well as investigating basic phenomena to improve earth-based processing. Materials research in space has dealt with glasses and ceramics, crystal growth, electronic materials, metals and alloys, polymers, composites, and biological materials. Battelle has been conducting research in this area since the early-1970s. Several important results have been obtained in: immiscible alloys, containerless under-cooling of clustering alloys, sol-gel glasses, and collagen fibers.More recently, Battelle's Advanced Materials Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS) has been established to utilize the microgravity environment in the commercial development of composite and mixed-phase materials with substantially improved properties. Currently, the Center is conducting research in catalysts (variant-phase chlorides, zeolites, and mixed oxides), polymer systems, electronic materials (float-zone crystal growth on Type II-VI semiconductor crystals, particularly CdTe), and con-trolled- porosity glass. The present program focuses on a proof of principle for each research thrust, utilizing ground-based and suborbital facilities, together with modeling to demonstrate the potential for producing commercially important materials.Each of these research programs is outlined. In addition, the more important developments in each of the major categories of microgravity materials research is reviewed.

scholarly journals Exploring and Exploiting the Symmetry-Breaking Effect of Cyclodextrins in Mechanomolecules

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Molecular Machine ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Breaking Effect ◽  
Planar Chirality ◽  
Conical Shape ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Molecular Rings

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cone-shaped molecular rings that have been widely employed in supramolecular/host–guest chemistry because of their low cost, high biocompatibility, stability, wide availability in multiple sizes, and their promiscuity for binding a range of molecular guests in water. Consequently, CD-based host–guest complexes are often employed as templates for the synthesis of mechanically bonded molecules (mechanomolecules) such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and polyrotaxanes in particular. The conical shape and cyclodirectionality of the CD “bead” gives rise to a symmetry-breaking effect when it is threaded onto a molecular “string”; even symmetrical guests are rendered asymmetric by the presence of an encircling CD host. This review focuses on the stereochemical implications of this symmetry-breaking effect in mechanomolecules, including orientational isomerism, mechanically planar chirality, and topological chirality, as well as how they support applications in regioselective and stereoselective chemical synthesis, the design of molecular machine prototypes, and the development of advanced materials.

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wagner ◽  
S. Ramaswamy ◽  
U. Tschirner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

Overview of Containerless Processing Technologies

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barmatz
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Containerless Processing ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Air Jets ◽  
Developmental Progress ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

ABSTRACTIn the near future, a large segment of the scientific community will have an opportunity to perform materials processing experiments on the Space Shuttle in the reduced gravity environment of space. Many of these experiments will require containerless processing techniques that provide manipulation and control of weightless (molten) materials without physical contact with container walls or other holding devices. A variety of containerless processing technologies are now being developed for space and ground-based materials processing facilities. The utilization of air jets or high intensity acoustic, electromagnetic or electrostatic fields can produce forces that support and manipulate materials. Most of the present containerless research is directed toward the development of high temperature systems capable of melting and resolidifying materials. This paper will review the materials processing capabilities and level of developmental progress of each technique. An introduction to available NASA test facilities will also be given.

Subpicosecond vacuum ultraviolet laser system for advanced materials processing

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Kubodera ◽  
Yuta Taniguchi ◽  
Akira Hosotani ◽  
Masahito Katto ◽  
Atsushi Yokotani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Ultraviolet Laser ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet Laser

Thermal Contact Electronic Packaging in Solar Pointing Space Environment

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt O. Lund ◽  
Anthony M. Colangelo ◽  
Gregory S. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Thermal Modeling ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Radiation Heat ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Flux Intensity

A thermal design for a solar pointing Space Shuttle mission is presented. The apparatus, which will measure solar flux intensity variations, contains sensors and data acquisition electronics which must be maintained within certain temperature constraints. The thermal design, which utilizes parallel heat flow paths and conduction fins to reject dissipated heat, is shown by finite difference thermal modeling to maintain component temperatures within these constraints. In the thermal modeling, arithmetic nodes are used to represent surface radiosity for radiation heat transfer. Also, the concept of mean fin conduction length and effective fin capacitance are introduced as means of simplifying the model representation of the conduction fins. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the chip/fin contact conductance.

scholarly journals Electrochemistry/Photoelectrochemistry-Based Immunosensing and Aptasensing of Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7742
Author(s):  
Jingjing Jiang ◽  
Jili Xia ◽  
Yang Zang ◽  
Guowang Diao
Keyword(s):  
Carcinoembryonic Antigen ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Signaling Strategies ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
Screening And Diagnosis ◽  
Excellent Selectivity

Recently, electrochemistry- and photoelectrochemistry-based biosensors have been regarded as powerful tools for trace monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) due to the fact of their intrinsic advantages (e.g., high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, small background, and low cost), which play an important role in early cancer screening and diagnosis and benefit people’s increasing demands for medical and health services. Thus, this mini-review will introduce the current trends in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors for CEA assay and classify them into two main categories according to the interactions between target and biorecognition elements: immunosensors and aptasensors. Some recent illustrative examples are summarized for interested readers, accompanied by simple descriptions of the related signaling strategies, advanced materials, and detection modes. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of future electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors are considered.

Skylab's Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (Experiment M509) — A Comparison of Six Degree of Freedom Simulation and on-Orbit Flight

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-187
Author(s):  
A. M. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Unit Design ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Experiment Hardware ◽  
Six Degree Of Freedom

A test bed type astronaut maneuvering unit was designed and evaluated with the assistance of Martin Marietta's six degree of freedom simulator. Four different control modes were developed for this unit for test and evaluation inside Skylab's 22 foot diameter orbital workshop. The orbital tests have provided the experience and technology base necessary for space Shuttle and space station astronaut maneuvering unit design requirements. This paper is an overview of the M509 experiment hardware, procedures, and results with emphasis on the comparison between on-orbit test results and the six degree of freedom simulator. The simulator was used to develop the unit's design requirements, evaluate the control logic parameters, and for developing maneuvers and training the crew. The simulator will also be flown by the Skylab crews in May for post flight evaluation and simulator calibration. (Films of the simulations and on-orbit flight are available as part of this presentation.)

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