High Reflectivity Modulation Electrochromic Windows

1998 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gerouki ◽  
R.B. Goldner
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Transport ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Lithium Cobalt Oxide ◽  
Transparent Conductor ◽  
High Reflectivity ◽  
Colored State ◽  
Electrochromic Windows ◽  
Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride ◽  
Electronic Conductors ◽  
Bleached State

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report the fabrication of high reflectivity modulation electrochromic Windows (ECW's) which have exhibited a colored state reflectivity of more than 50% for the wavelength range of 1 to 2.5 µm with an average bleached state reflectivity of 20%. The transmissivity of these ECW's in the colored state was less than 5% and in the bleached state it averaged 60%. The materials employed were tungsten oxide (nominally WO3) for the first electrochromic electrode, lithium cobalt oxide (nominally LiCoO2) for the second, complementary, electrochromic electrode, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Lipon) for the ionic conductor (electrolyte), and indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium oxide (In2O3) for the two transparent electronic conductors. The predicted and measured reflectivity of the ECW's were influenced by the first transparent conductor (TM) in relation to its thickness and optical properties. Devices without a TC1 exhibited the highest reflectivity modulation, It was also concluded that two of the main limitations to the degree of reflectivity modulation attainable with the ECW's were lithium insertion into TC1 and electronic transport through the electrolyte.

scholarly journals Properties of InGaN deposited on Glass at Low Temperature

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Beierlein ◽  
S. Strite ◽  
A. Dommann ◽  
D. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Transparent Conductor ◽  
High Background ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Substrate Heating ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
High Electron Concentration ◽  
Background Absorption

We have investigated the properties of InGaN grown at low temperature on glass substrates by a plasma enhanced MBE process. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of InGaN as an oxide-free, transparent conductor material which could be deposited at or slightly above room temperature with minimal interaction or damage to the underlying material. InxGa1−xN films deposited on glass, even without substrate heating, are highly crystalline, but the crystallinity as measured by x-ray degrades at x < 0.5. The microstructure observed by TEM of InGaN films deposited on unheated substrates is highly columnar, with typical column widths of ~10 nm. The optical absorption spectra of InGaN/glass have a distinct absorption edge at the bandgap, but also high background absorption in the bandgap. InxGa1−xN grown on glass (x > 0.5) is conductive due to its high electron concentration. InN electron Hall mobilities > 20 cm2/Vs when grown at 400°C, and ~ 7 cm2/Vs on unheated substrates were obtained. The addition of GaN degraded the electrical properties of the films to a greater extent than it improved the transparency. As a result, the best transparent conductor films were pure InN which, when deposited at 400°C, were half as transparent in the green as an indium tin oxide film having the same sheet resistance.

Development of Transparent Electrodes Using Graphene Nano-Ink and Post-Consumer PET Bottles for Electrochromic Application

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Duangamol Ongmali ◽  
Pongsatorn Sriboonpeng ◽  
Sarinee Prompanut ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Transparent Conductive Oxide ◽  
Electrochromic Device ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Transparent Substrate ◽  
Electrochromic Windows ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Pet Film

Electrochromism refers to the reversible change of color of thin films due to a small change in the voltage. This is important for smart windows and display applications. The color change takes place because of intercalation and deintercalation of ions, which is controlled by voltage applied between transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers. In this research, the use of graphene nano-ink and post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles as the flexible electrochromic windows was reported. PET film was coated with graphene ink by spin coating method. The sheet resistance value of PET/graphene electrode was 19 W/sq. The polypyrrole (PPy) also was electroactive and had good adhesion towards transparent substrate. Our results primarily indicated that the novel PET/graphene/PPy/graphene/PET electrochromic device offered an optical modulation, in which the color of the device switched from the black color to the yellow color under the applied potential at ± 2.0 V. The graphene in the electrochromic device demonstrated a potential for replacing indium tin oxide (ITO) in flexible electrochromic windows.

The Future of TCO Materials: Stakes and Challenges

2009 ◽  
Vol 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Isabelle Baraton
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Transparent Conductor ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Conducting Oxides ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
P Type

AbstractThe field of major applications of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) continues to expand, thus generating a growing demand for new materials with lower resistivity and higher transparency over extended wavelength ranges. Moreover, p-type TCOs are opening new horizons for high-performance devices based on p-n junctions. Among the most commonly used TCO materials are zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2), and indium oxide (In2O3). Still, design and synthesis of improved TCO materials leading to a marked increase in conductivity and robustness remain highly desirable while a more detailed understanding of the conductivity mechanisms is critical to further improvement. For example, there is an accelerating effort worldwide by both academia and industry to develop a transparent conductor that can meet or beat the performance of the commonly used ITO at lower costs and with more physical resilience. This article reviews new developments in TCO materials to be used in various applications spanning from photovoltaics to lighting, smart windows, or gas sensors. The financial stakes, far from being negligible in the TCOs market, and the current scientific and technological challenges to be taken up are analyzed.

scholarly journals Fatigue-free, superstretchable, transparent, and biocompatible metal electrodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (40) ◽  
pp. 12332-12337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Fei Guo ◽  
Qihan Liu ◽  
Guohui Wang ◽  
Yecheng Wang ◽  
Zhengzheng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Transparent Conductors ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Implantable Electronics ◽  
Electronic Conductors ◽  
Strained Materials ◽  
Original Configuration

Next-generation flexible electronics require highly stretchable and transparent electrodes. Few electronic conductors are both transparent and stretchable, and even fewer can be cyclically stretched to a large strain without causing fatigue. Fatigue, which is often an issue of strained materials causing failure at low strain levels of cyclic loading, is detrimental to materials under repeated loads in practical applications. Here we show that optimizing topology and/or tuning adhesion of metal nanomeshes can significantly improve stretchability and eliminate strain fatigue. The ligaments in an Au nanomesh on a slippery substrate can locally shift to relax stress upon stretching and return to the original configuration when stress is removed. The Au nanomesh keeps a low sheet resistance and high transparency, comparable to those of strain-free indium tin oxide films, when the nanomesh is stretched to a strain of 300%, or shows no fatigue after 50,000 stretches to a strain up to 150%. Moreover, the Au nanomesh is biocompatible and penetrable to biomacromolecules in fluid. The superstretchable transparent conductors are highly desirable for stretchable photoelectronics, electronic skins, and implantable electronics.

NANOPOROUS NiO BASED ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW

2009 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. PURUSHOTHAMAN ◽  
G. MURALIDHARAN
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Optical Transmission ◽  
Electrochromic Device ◽  
Cyclic Stability ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Colored State ◽  
Nanopore Structure ◽  
Nickel Oxide Films ◽  
Nio Films ◽  
Bleached State

Nickel oxide films were coated onto FTO substrate at optimum conditions. The coated NiO films exhibited nanopore structure. The cyclic stability of the NiO films was studied using cyclic voltammetry. An electrochromic device has been built with the structure G/FTO/NiO/PMMA–PC–H+/WO3/FTO/G . The device exhibits a change in optical transmission of 47.7% (colored 19.7% and bleached 67.4%) and optical density of 0.54 at 550 nm. The response time for coloration/bleaching of the device is 22.8 s/11.4 s. The device goes from transparent orange in the bleached state to gray color in the colored state.

Inkjet Printing Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei He ◽  
Brian Derby
Keyword(s):  
Inkjet Printing ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Transparent Conductor ◽  
Transparent Films ◽  
Conductive Films ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Graphene Films ◽  
Thickness Independent

ABSTRACTGraphene is a strong contender as a material to replace indium tin oxide as the transparent conductor of choice for electronic applications due to its exceptional electrical and optical properties. In this work, we present a study of graphene oxide (GO) films produced by inkjet-printing. The printed GO films are reduced using hydriodic acid (HI) and acetic acid vapour at low temperature. The reduced GO (rGO) films displayed good optical and electrical properties with a sheet resistance 6.8 kΩ/□ at a transmittance of 80%. In addition, we show that the conductivity of rGO films is related to both the size of individual GO sheets in the ink and the thickness of printed films. The rGO films using large size GO sheets displayed a thickness-independent conductivity of ∼ 4 × 104S/m, while the rGO films using small size GO sheets showed a thickness-independent conductivity of ∼ 1.7 × 104S/m. These properties are comparable to graphene films produced by solvent exfoliation. In summary, we demonstrate a scalable and potentially low-cost technique to produce rGO transparent films and a route to improve the conductivity of rGO films by controlling size of GO sheets in the ink.

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