Reactive-Sputter Deposition of TiN/ZrN and TiN/CrN Multilayers: Structural and Mechanical Properties

1996 ◽  
Vol 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-H. Soe ◽  
T. Kitagaki ◽  
H. Ueda ◽  
N. Shima ◽  
M. Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Reactive Sputter Deposition ◽  
Hardness Change ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastic Anomalies ◽  
Coherency Strains

ABSTRACTPolycrystalline TiN/ZrN multilayers with a 7.5% lattice mismatch between the layers and TiN/CrN multilayers with a 2.3% mismatch were grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on WC/Co sintered hard alloy substrates. Multilayer structure and composition modulation amplitudes were studied using x-ray diffraction method. Hardness and elastic modulus were measured by nanoindentation testing. Hardness of TiN/ZrN multilayers decreased rapidly with increasing bilayer thickness (Λ), peaking at hardness values ≈30% lower than rul e-of-mixtures values at Λ=30 Å, before increasing slightly with further increases in Λ. A comparison with other lattice mismatched systems, TiN/VN and TiN/NbN, showed a similar hardness variation, but a sign was negative. The results suggest that coherency strains were responsible for the larger hardness change. Nanoindenter elastic modulus results showed the same behavior with hardness dependence, i.e., elastic softening at Λ=30 Å. The results of TiN/CrN systems showed no hardness and elastic anomalies within boundaries corresponding to individual values. It was thought too large the difference between hardness (or modulus) of TiN and CrN.

Structure And Mechanical Properties Of Reactive Sputter Deposited Tin/Tan Multilayered Films

1997 ◽  
Vol 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-H. Soe ◽  
T. Kitagaki ◽  
H. Ueda ◽  
N. Shima ◽  
M. Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Dislocation Motion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Multilayered Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Composition Modulation ◽  
Hardness Change ◽  
Sputter Deposited ◽  
Coherency Strains ◽  
Hardness Values

ABSTRACTTiN/TaN multilayers were grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on WC-Co sintered hard alloy and MgO(100) single crystal substrates. Multilayer structure and composition modulation amplitudes were studied using x-ray diffraction method. Hardness and elastic modulus were mea- sured by nanoindentation tester. For bilayer thickness (Λ) larger than 80 A˚, hardness are lower than rule-of-mixtures value of individual single layers, and increased rapidly with decreasing Λ, peaking at hardness values ≈33% higher than that at A=43 Å. As a result of analysis the inclination of applied load for indenter displacement on P-h curve (ΔP/Δh), this paper exhibits that the en- hancement of the resistance to dislocation motion and elastic anomaly due to coherency strains are responsible for the hardness change.

Structure and mechanical properties of epitaxial TiN/V0.3Nb0.7N(100) superlattices

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1456-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Mirkarimi ◽  
S.A. Barnett ◽  
K.M. Hubbard ◽  
T.R. Jervis ◽  
L. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystalline Perfection ◽  
Composition Modulation ◽  
Superlattice Structure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Identical Composition ◽  
Coherency Strains ◽  
Lattice Matched

Epitaxial TiN/V0.3Nb0.7N superlattices with a 1.7% lattice mismatch between the layers were grown by reactive magnetron sputtering on MgO(001) substrates. Superlattice structure, crystalline perfection, composition modulation amplitudes, and coherency strains were studied using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Hardness H and elastic modulus were measured by nanoindentation. H increased rapidly with increasing Λ, peaking at H values ≍75% greater than rule-of-mixtures values at Λ ≍ 6 nm, before decreasing slightly with further increases in Λ. A comparison with previously studied lattice-matched TiN/V0.6Nb0.4N superlattices, which had nearly identical composition modulation amplitudes, showed a similar H variation, but a smaller H enhancement of ≍50%. The results suggest that coherency strains, which were larger for the mismatched TiN/V0.3Nb0.7N superlattices, were responsible for the larger hardness enhancement. The results are discussed in terms of coherency strain theories developed for spinodally decomposed materials. Nanoindenter elastic modulus results showed no significant anomalies.

Temporal Evolution of Bimodal Distribution of γ’ Precipitates in Ni-Al-Mo Alloys under the Influence of Coherency Strains

1995 ◽  
Vol 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Sequeira ◽  
H.A. Calderon ◽  
G. Kostorz
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Bimodal Size Distribution ◽  
Elastic Fields ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Coherency Strains

ABSTRACTThe influence of coherency strains produced by the γ-γ’ lattice mismatch, δ, on the decomposition process of Ni-Al-Mo alloys with a bimodal size distribution is presented. Samples with δ ranging from positive to negative, were investigated in a double-step aging procedure. The evolution of the microstructure and the kinetics of coarsening were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lattice mismatch between the matrix and the different classes of precipitates was determined by high-resolution high-temperature x-ray diffraction. It is shown that the strain fields produced by the lattice mismatch can influence dramatically the decomposition of metallic alloys. It is suggested that the reduction of the coarsening rate of the large precipitates, the fast coarsening rate of the small precipitates and the distortions detected in the matrix are all direct consequences of the elastic fields produced by the γ-γ’ lattice mismatch.

Review of Residual Stress Determination and Exploitation Techniques Using X-Ray Diffraction Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
M. Belassel ◽  
J. Pineault ◽  
M.E. Brauss
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Stress Determination ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Difference

Although x-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to the measurement of residual stress in the industry for decades, some of the related details are still unclear to many production and mechanical testing engineers working in the field. This is because these details, specifically those associated with the transition between diffraction and mechanics, are not always emphasized in the literature. This paper will emphasize the appropriate calculation methods and the steps necessary to perform high quality residual stress measurements. Additionally, details are given regarding the difference between mechanical and x-ray elastic constants, as well as the true meaning of stress and strain from both diffraction and strain gage point of view. Cases where the material is subject to loading above the yield limit are also included.

The Application of X-Ray Diffraction Method to the Measurement of Crystal Deformation and Crystal Modulus of High Polymers

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (A) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Nakamae ◽  
Takashi Nishino
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Molecular Conformation ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chain Axis ◽  
High Polymers

AbstractElastic modulus EI of crystalline regions of various high polymers in the direction parallel to the chain axis were measured using an X-ray diffraction method. The crystal deformation can be detected directly by the diffraction peak shift as a function of applied constant stress. The stress in the crystalline regions is assumed to be equal to that applied to the specimen. The validity of this assumption has been proven experimentally for polyethylene, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and so on. The EI values were discussed in relation to molecular conformation and deformation mechanism of the chains.

Retained Austenite Amount Determination Comparison in JIS SKD11 Steel Using Quantitative Metallography and X-Ray Diffraction Methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 482-484 ◽  
pp. 1165-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu Su ◽  
Liu Ho Chiu ◽  
Tao Liang Chuang ◽  
Chien Lung Huang ◽  
Cheng Yen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Primary Carbide ◽  
Quantitative Metallography ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbide Content

This research compares the difference in determining the austenite amount in SKD 11 tool steel using the micrographic method as opposed to the X-ray diffraction method. Calculating the amount of retained austenite in tool steel using X-ray diffraction analysis requires first taking off the primary carbide content. By etching the SKD11 specimen using Beraha’s CdS reagent, the retained austenite, martensite and carbide are shown as white, red and blue regions in the microstructure, respectively. With quantitative metallography, the retained austenite can be distinguished as separate micro-constituents and properly counted. However, the calculated values are lower than those acquired from the X-ray diffraction. It is more accurate to evaluate the amount of retained austenite with carbide by X-ray diffraction analysis.

High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Study of PbTio3 Thin Films Grown on Mgo(001) by MOCVD

1995 ◽  
Vol 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Batzer ◽  
Biming Yen ◽  
Donhang Liu ◽  
H. Kubo ◽  
G.R. Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Transformation Strain ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Film Stress ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Domain Formation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACTLead titanate (PT) is ferroelectric in its tetragonal phase (c/a=1.06). The domain formation is coupled to the relaxation of internal stress generated by a combination of lattice mismatch, transformation strain and differential thermal stress. The mechanism of domain formation in an epitaxially grown PT film is related to the substrate type and the growth temperature. In this study, PT films have been deposited on MgO(001) in a coldwall, horizontal metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. The structure of domains and their evolution have been measured as a function of temperature by the x-ray diffraction method using a hot stage. Domain structure changes were observed by θ−2θ scans, ω scans, as well as in-plane φ scans. Effect of film stress on the ferroelectric transition temperature is discussed. Reproducibility of domain formation as a result of temperature cycling both below and above Tc is assessed.

Hydrogen Behavior in NdRh3-Based Hydrides

2016 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
Stepan Alexandrovich Lushnikov ◽  
Tatyana Victorovna Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Hydrogen Desorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cubic Lattice ◽  
Cubic Lattices ◽  
Rate Of Heating ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases

Samples of desorbed NdRh3-based hydrides have been investigated by the X-ray diffraction method. X-ray data analysis showed that the samples contain two phases with hexagonal and cubic lattices. It was revealed that proportion of these phases in the samples depends on the rate of heating before the hydrogen desorption. At high rates of the heating in the desorbed samples amount of the phase with cubic lattice increased. This behaviour of the hydrogen in hydrides can be explained by the difference in the diffusion of disordered and ordered hydrogen atoms.

scholarly journals Development of Zirconium-Based Alloys with Low Elastic Modulus for Dental Implant Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5281
Author(s):  
Minsuk Kim ◽  
Seongbin An ◽  
Chaeeul Huh ◽  
Chungseok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Stress Shielding ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Pure Zirconium ◽  
Low Modulus ◽  
The Difference

The stress-shielding effect is a phenomenon in which the mutual coupling between bones and bio-materials of the human body is loosened due to the difference in elastic modulus, and bone absorption occurs due to the difference in density, which causes a shortening of the life of the material. The purpose of this study is to develop a zirconium-based alloy with low modulus and to prevent the stress-shielding effect. Zr–7Cu–xSn (x = 1, 5, 10, 15 mass%) alloys were prepared by an arc-melting process of pure zirconium, oxygen-free copper, and tin, respectively. The Zr–7Cu–xSn alloy has two phase α-Zr and Zr2Cu intermetallic compounds. Microstructure characterization was analyzed by microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Corrosion tests of zirconium-based alloys were conducted through polarization tests, and zirconium-based alloys had better corrosion characteristics than other metal bio-materials. In general, the elastic modulus value (14–25 GPa) of the zirconium-based alloy is very similar to the elastic modulus value (15–30 GPa) of the human bone. Consequently, the zirconium-based alloy is likely to be used as a bio-material that negates the effect of stress shielding on human bones.

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