Effect of Ammonium Acetate on the Properties of Chemical Bath Deposited CdS Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer A. Al-Yafeai ◽  
Sovannary Phok ◽  
Sahar A. Al-Shaibani ◽  
Shifaa M. Al-Baity ◽  
Esmaeel M. Al-Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Bath Solution ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analyzer ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

ABSTRACTThis investigation is a comprehensive study of the effect of ammonium acetate on the electrical, optical, morphology and microstructure of CdS thin films grown by Chemical Bath Deposition method (CBD). Two sets of CdS thin films (A and B) were deposited on glass substrates at 60°C for 60 min. The films were deposited using chemical bath solution that consists of cadmium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, and thiourea. However, ammonium acetate was added into the chemical bath used to deposit set (B), where ammonium acetate was eliminated from bath solution used to deposit set (A). The films’ morphology was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), whereas, the chemical composition was investigated by Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) θ/2θ technique was applied to study the structure of the films. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the average surface roughness of the films, and Dektak Profilometer was used to determine the CdS films thickness. The optical and electrical properties for the films were determined using UV-Vis-NIR Spectrometer, and the Hall Effect technique, respectively. The highest carrier mobility was obtained for the films deposited in an ammonium acetate free bath. However, both films were polycrystalline with hexagonal structure exhibiting a tendency toward <002> texture, that increase with increasing the pH value of the chemical bath.

Preparation and Characterization of Chemical Bath Deposited CdS Thin Films for Solar Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 438-442
Author(s):  
Zhen Hai Xie ◽  
Jian Kang Li
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Chemical Bath Deposition ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Cds Thin Film ◽  
Cds Thin Films

Chemical bath deposition of CdS thin film for solar cells was investigated in this study. CdS thin films were prepared by chemical-bath deposition (CBD) from a bath containing cadmium acetate, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide and thiourea in aqueous solution on the glass substrate at certain bath temperature. The characterization of samples was conducted by using different methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). The crystal quality of CdS thin films was improved after CdCl2 thermal annealing at 400C. The results showed that chemical bath deposited CdS thin film was symmetrical and compact, but depositing rate was low. As a result, the best deposition conditions were summarized, such as the pH value was about 10.5, depositing time was 60 minutes.

Modification of the Optical and Electrical Properties CdS Films by Annealing in Neutral and Reducing Atmospheres

2013 ◽  
Vol 1538 ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
J. Pantoja Enriquez ◽  
G. Pérez Hernandez ◽  
X. Mathew ◽  
G. Ibáñez Duharte ◽  
J. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Annealing Atmosphere ◽  
Neutral Atmosphere ◽  
Optical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

ABSTRACTCadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) from a bath containing cadmium acetate, ammonium acetate, thiourea, and ammonium hydroxide. The CdS thin films were annealed in argon (neutral atmosphere) or hydrogen (reducing atmosphere) for 1 h at various temperatures (300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 °C). The changes in optical and electrical properties of annealed treated CdS thin films were analyzed. The results showed that, the band-gap and resistivity depend on the post-deposition annealing atmosphere and temperatures. Thus, it was found that these properties of the films, were found to be affected by various processes with opposite effects, some beneficial and others unfavorable. The energy gap and resistivity for different annealing atmospheres was seen to oscillate by thermal annealing. Recrystallization, oxidation, surface passivation, sublimation and materials evaporation were found the main factors of the heat-treatment process responsible for this oscillating behavior. Annealing over 400 °C was seen to degrade the optical and electrical properties of the film.

Effect of Ammonium Acetate Concentration on the Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Film Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (37) ◽  
pp. 2603-2616
Author(s):  
Hamda A. Al-Thani ◽  
Abeer A. Al Yafeai ◽  
Falah S. Hasoon
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Bath Deposition ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on understanding the influence of incorporating Ammonium Acetate into the chemical bath used for the deposition of CdS thin films, on its optical, morphology, and microstructural properties. Thus, CdS thin films were deposited on 1” × 2” microscopic glass substrates using chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The deposition process was carried out in a double jacket beaker with fixed chemical bath temperature of 90°C for a deposition time of 40 min. The chemical bath solution consisted of fixed concentrations of Cadmium Acetate, Thiourea, and Ammonium Hydroxide; with corresponding values of 4.8×10-4M; 0.97×10-4M; and 0.2M, respectively. However, Ammonium Acetate was incorporated into the deposition bath with concentrations that were varied from 3.0 mM to 12.2 mM. Meanwhile, for comparison purposes associated to the initial physical and chemical properties of the CdS films; reference CdS films were deposited under the same above chemical bath conditions, but in the absence of Ammonium Acetate. The pH of the chemical bath was measured during the deposition process. The films’ morphology and the chemical composition were examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and the Energy Dispersive spectrometer (EDS), respectively. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) θ/2θ technique was applied to study the structure of the films, including the lattice parameters. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the films topography and to determine the root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness of the films as well as the grain size. Dektak Surface Profilometer was used to determine the CdS films’ thickness, where the films’ optical properties were measured using UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer. Optical energy band gap (Eg), and absorption coefficient (α) were calculated from the transmission spectral data.

INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM SALTS ON A MODIFIED CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION OF CADMIUM SULFIDE THIN FILMS

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. XU ◽  
S. Y. HUANG ◽  
J. B. CHU ◽  
H. B. ZHU ◽  
Z. SUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Cadmium Ion ◽  
Substrate Vibration ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

A simply modified bath deposition technique has been successfully used to deposit uniform CdS thin films using cadmium chloride or cadmium acetate as the cadmium ion source, and thiourea as the sulfur source on glass substrates. Both the traditional magnetic agitation and the frequent substrate vibration by hand were done simultaneously during the deposition. Various properties of the deposited films such as surface morphology, crystallinity, and optical properties were investigated. The CdS films deposited from cadmium acetate show a good crystallinity and exhibit a preferential orientation along the hexagonal (002) direction. Their surface morphologies are more homogeneous with smaller grains than those from cadmium chloride. The CdS films prepared from both cadmium ion sources present a high optical transmission (more than 80%) in the visible range with the band gap value of about 2.4 eV. The substrate vibration reduces the formation and residence of gas bubbles on the glass substrate during growth and resulted in deposition of CdS thin films with high quality. XRD, SEM, and UV–Vis measurements have provided the supported data. The fundamental CBD growth mechanisms involving different cadmium salts are discussed.

Preparation of Polycrystalline Cds Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition

1995 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun A Lee ◽  
Bum-Soo Kim ◽  
Sung Ho Shin ◽  
Jung Il Park ◽  
Kwang Ja Park
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Bath Deposition ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Structural And Optical Properties ◽  
Cds Thin Films

ABSTRACTWe prepared CdS thin films from a solution containing cadmium acetate, thiourea, ammonia, and ammonium acetate. We varied fabrication conditions such as the concentrations of reactants, reaction temperature, and heat treatment, to investigate the changes in structural and optical properties of the film. Effects of substrate on the properties were also investigated.

scholarly journals Copper Incorporation into CdS Thin Films by Ionic Exchange in an Aqueous Solution Process at Room Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Flores-García ◽  
M. A. Hernández-Landaverde ◽  
P. González-García ◽  
R. Ramírez-Bon
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were deposited, on glass substrates, at 70°C for 120 min using an ammonium-free chemical bath deposition process. After deposition, the films were placed in a CuCl2 solution for 45, 60, 75, and 90 min, respectively, for their ion exchange, generating CdxCu1-xS films. The obtained films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray wavelength dispersion spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The reference CdS films showed a homogeneous appearance and a yellowish color; elapsing the immersion time, the films changed their color showing a greenish appearance. The X-ray analysis indicated that the CdS films developed a hexagonal structure with preferential orientation along the plane (002). During the ion exchange, a decrease in the intensity of the reflection (002) was observed as well as a slight displacement of this reflection towards higher values of 2θ derived from the substitution of Cd atoms by Cu atoms. The WDS analysis revealed that approximately 10% of the cadmium atoms were replaced by copper ones after 90 min of immersion.

Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Thin Films: Growth and Structural Studies

1996 ◽  
Vol 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuming Zhu ◽  
Dull Mao ◽  
D. L. Williamson ◽  
J. U. Trefny
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thiourea Solution ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

AbstractChemical-bath-deposited CdS thin films from an ammonia-thiourea solution have been studied by x-ray diffraction, surface profilometry, ellipsometry, and other techniques. The compactness of the CdS films, structural properties of the films, and the growth mechanism have been investigated. For the deposition conditions used, we found that the film compactness reaches its maximum at a deposition time of 35 minutes. Films grown at longer deposition times are less compact, consistent with the CdS duplex layer structure proposed previously. This transition from compact layer growth to porous layer growth is important for depositing CdS films in solar cell applications. Based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, we were able to determine the crystal phase, lattice constant, and other structural properties.

scholarly journals Epitaxial Growth and Optical Properties of Laser Deposited CdS Thin Films

Coatings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Atef S. Gadalla ◽  
Hamdan A. S. Al-shamiri ◽  
Saad Melhi Alshahrani ◽  
Huda F. Khalil ◽  
Mahmoud M. El Nahas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

In this study, cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin films were synthesized on quartz substrates using an infrared pulsed laser deposition (IR-PLD) technique under high vacuum (~10−6 Torr) conditions. X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate the structural features. According to X-ray analysis, the deposited CdS films are crystalline and have a favored orientation on a plane (110) of an orthorhombic. The peak intensity and the average crystallite size increases with increasing the film thickness. After annealing at 300 °C, the orthorhombic phase transformed into a predominant hexagonal phase and the same result was obtained by SEM photographs as well. Spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance of the CdS films were used to derive optical constants (n, k, and absorption coefficient α). The optical band gap energy was found to be 2.44 eV. The plasma plume formation and expansion during the film deposition have also been discussed. The photocurrent response as a function of the incident photon energy E (eV) at different bias voltages for different samples of thicknesses (85, 180, 220 and 340 nm) have been studied, indicating that the photocurrent increases by increasing both the film thickness and photon energy with a peak in the vicinity of the band edge. Thus, the prepared CdS films are promising for application in optoelectronic field.

scholarly journals Study the effect by CO2 laser on some optical properties of (Cd) thin film doping by Ni

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Co2 Laser ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cds Thin Films

In this research study the effect of irradiation by (CW) CO2 laser on some optical properties of (Cds) doping by Ni thin films of (1)µm thickness has been prepared by heat evaporation method. (X-Ray) diffraction technique showed the prepared films before and after irradiation are ploy crystalline hexagonal structure, optical properties were include recording of absorbance spectra for prepared films in the range of (400-1000) nm wave lengths, the absorption coefficient and the energy gap were calculated before and after irradiation, finally the irradiation affected (CdS) thin films by changing its color from the Transparent yellow to dark rough yellow and decrease the value absorption coefficient also increase the value of energy gap.

scholarly journals In Situ Low-Temperature Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Thin Films without Thickness Limitation: Structural and Optical Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouad Ouafi ◽  
Boujemaâ Jaber ◽  
Lahoucine Atourki ◽  
Najwa Zayyoun ◽  
Ahmed Ihlal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chemical Bath Deposition ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

In this work, thin CdS films have been deposited using the chemical bath deposition technique (CBD). Different synthesis parameters, such as number of runs, deposition time, and postannealing temperature, are studied and optimized in order to avoid the supersaturation phenomenon and to achieve a low-temperature growth. CdS thin films, of cubic structure, oriented along the (111) direction with homogenous and smooth surface, have been deposited by using the CBD growth process without any annealing treatment. Based on a set of experimental observations, we show that the solution saturation phenomenon can be avoided if the deposition is performed in several runs at a short deposition time. Throughout the CBD technique, it is then possible not only to overcome any film thickness limitation but also to grow the CdS films in a single technological step at a low temperature and without any postdeposition annealing treatment. CdS films with excellent structural quality and a controllable thickness are obtained when the deposition bath temperature is fixed at 65°C. In addition, deposited films exhibit an optical transmittance ranging from 70 to 95% depending on the synthesis parameters, with band gap energy around 2.42 eV. The process developed in this work might be useful for depositing CdS films on flexible substrates.

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