Effect of Mesogenic Organic Salts on Vulcanization and Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Avalos ◽  
M. Tellez-Rosas ◽  
M.E. Castañeda-Flores ◽  
F. J. Martínez-Casado ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-Cheda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Condis Phase ◽  
Cation Size

ABSTRACTThe effect of mesogenic organic salts as reinforcing fillers for natural rubber has been investigated. The influence of cation size (thallium and sodium) and organic chain length (thallium (I) pentanoate and dodecanoate) on the vulcanization parameters, physical and mechanical characteristics and rheological behavior has also been analyzed. In general, the maximum torque of the vulcanizates increases in the presence of the salts and is clearly manifested in a sensible increase in tensile modulus and strength of the composites. The reinforcing effect of these salts is noticeable in the natural rubber matrix. The thallium (I) salts are more effective reinforcements than the sodium salt, and the length of the organic chain hardly has any influence on the mechanical properties. The composites based on the thallium (I) dodecanoate salt show a very peculiar rheological behavior with a “plateau” in the G’ and G” vs temperature graphics which is related with solid phase I, existing between 83.5 ºC and 127 ºC, characterized as a plastic condis phase. This issue is especially interesting for the fabrication of devices such as sensors to control, for instance, the security (resistance of a material) as a function of temperature.

The Effect of Chitosan Loading on the Properties of Chitosan Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compounds

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Shaari ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nadras Othman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill

The study of chitosan loading onto epoxidized natural rubber compounds were prepared by incorporation of chitosan into epoxidised natural rubber matrix using a two-roll mill. The effects of chitosan loading on the curing characteristics, tensile properties and morphology of the compounds were investigated. Results indicated that slight changes in curing time (t90), and scorch time (tS2) of the compounds with the incorporation of chitosan. An increment is observed in the maximum torque, tensile modulus and durometer hardness of the compounds while tensile strength and elongation at break declines with chitosan loading.

Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles Extracted from Jasmine and Riceberry Rice Husk Ashes

2018 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wichudaporn Seangyen ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽  
Surapich Loykulnant ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites ◽  
Jasmine Rice ◽  
20 Nm

Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by rice husk ash (RHA) produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk via sol-gel method for the use as reinforcing fillers in natural rubber (NR). The obtained silica nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the particle sizes were observed to be in the 10-20 nm range with uniformly size distribution. The surface of silica nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent confirmed by FTIR. The treated silica nanoparticles were then incorporated into NR and vulcanized with electron beam irradiation. The rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles, produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk, resulted in higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) than neat rubber vulcanizate. The modified rubber vulcanizates revealed rougher surface with tear lines as compared to the neat rubber vulcanizates, indicating the improved strength. Interestingly, the rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles from jasmine rice husk showed higher tensile strength and modulus than silica nanoparticles produced from riceberry rice husk. The micrographs indicated better dispersion of NR composites with jasmine rice husk which leads to a strong interaction between silica nanoparticles and rubber matrix, thereby improving the strength.

Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Rattan Filled Natural Rubber Compounds

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komethi Muniandy ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nadras Othman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Rubber Filler

Rattan for its potential as a new type of filler was investigated in natural rubber (NR) compounds. Natural rubber (NR) compounds were prepared by the incorporation of rattan at different loadings into a natural rubber matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The effect of rattan loading as filler on curing characteristics, tensile properties, morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rubber–filler interaction of rattan filled natural rubber compound were studied in the filler loading range of 0 to 30 phr. The results indicate that the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) shorten with increasing filler loading, whereas the maximum torque (MH) showed an increasing trend. As the filler loading increases, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreases whilst tensile modulus; stress at 100 % elongation and stress at 300 % elongation increased. The rubber filler interactions of the rubber compound decreased with increasing filler loading. SEM studies indicate that the increasing rattan loading weakens the rubber-rattan interactions.

scholarly journals Microalgal biomass as renewable biofiller in natural rubber compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Bellinetto ◽  
Riccardo Ciapponi ◽  
Marco Contino ◽  
Claudia Marano ◽  
Stefano Turri
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Shear Fracture ◽  
Pure Shear ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Rubber Compounds

AbstractMicroalgal biomasses, consisting of micronized Spirulina Platensis and its low protein fraction, were investigated in this work as possible renewable biofillers in natural rubber compounds, with the aim of replacing the commonly used carbon black. Natural rubber, in some cases blended with 10% of epoxidized natural rubber to improve the matrix-filler affinity, was compounded with 25, 35, 50 and 75 phr of each biomass. Compounds with 25, 35 and 50 phr of carbon black N990 were also prepared as benchmarks. After compounding, vulcanization times were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Rubbers were vulcanized by compression moulding and characterized by means of morphological analysis (scanning electron microscopy), thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis) and mechanical tests (tensile tests, strain induced crystallization detection by X-ray diffraction, pure shear fracture tests). Microalgal biomass turned out to be homogeneously dispersed in natural rubber matrix and the materials obtained required lower curing times compared to carbon black compounds. It was found that, up to 50 phr, Spirulina has the ability to increase rubber tensile strength and modulus, acting similarly to N990, while decreasing rubber thermal stability and fracture toughness.

Effect of Compounding Ingredients and Crosslink Concentration on Blooming Rate of Natural Rubber Compounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ummu Qani’ah Yasin ◽  
Dzaraini Kamarun ◽  
Che Mohd Som Said ◽  
Azemi Samsuri
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Process ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Crystalline Material ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Surface ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Peroxide

Blooming is a diffusion process whereby compounding ingredients dispersed in rubber matrix migrate to the rubber surface and appears as a layer of white crystalline material. Blooming is a typical phenomenon observed in rubber compounds which could lead to problems such as discoloration and poor appearance of products as well as loss of adhesion. Cause of blooming was still unclear and this research was carried out to identify the effect of compounding ingredients and crosslink concentration on blooming rate in natural rubber compounds. In this project 6 natural rubber formulations based on three different types of compounding ingredients at two different concentrations of crosslinker were compounded and tested for their blooming characteristics. Sulphur, wax and dithiocarbamate as the compounding ingredients were mixed with natural rubber in the presence of 1 and 6 phr of peroxide as the vulcanizing agents. The effect of crosslink concentration on blooming rate of the compounded rubber was then determined. The blooming rate was determined by the weight of the blooming material on the rubber surface as a function of time. The blooming rate was found to be affected by the types of compounding ingredients and crosslink density of rubber. Wax with 6 phr of peroxide showed the highest amount of bloom and the highest blooming rate while the dithiocarbamate accelerator with 1 phr peroxide showed the lowest amount of bloom and the lower blooming rate. As expected, all the compounding ingredients showed an increase of crosslink concentration as the loading of peroxide increases. The blooming rate was also found to be affected by the crosslink concentration of rubber. As the crosslink concentration increases, the rate of blooming increases as were shown by wax and dithiocarbamate accelerator. However, sulphur showed the opposite trend whereby the crosslink concentration increases but the blooming rate decrease. This could be due to the high peroxide level retarding the sulphur blooming process.

INVESTIGATION OF HEMPSEED PROCESS OIL AS THE ALTERNATIVE IN NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDING PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julijana Blagojević ◽  
◽  
Olga Govedarica ◽  
Kojić Predrag ◽  
Oskar Bera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Process ◽  
Batch Mixer ◽  
Selection Of

Good selection of natural rubber compounds is substantial in rubber industry. Behavior of products based on natural rubber is determined by rubber blending components, especially nature of process oil and concentration of reinforcing fillers. Rubber process oil main purpose is to improve dispersibility of fillers and reduce the viscosity of the rubber compound, therefore enable better processing. Mineral oils are mostly used process oils in natural rubber compounding, but, due to their toxicity and new requirements for preservation of the environment, more and more well-known manufacturers have turned to the use of environmentally friendly process oils. In this study, influence of the hempseed oil as process oil on the products properties in natural rubber compounding was investigated. Properties of hempseed oil as process oil were experimentally determined or calculated. Blending of natural rubber was performed in a laboratory by internal batch mixer, at the constant temperature of 90°C and a rotor speed of 60 rpm. Main rubber properties such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 and 300% elongation, and rheological properties were determined. Also, voltage and amperage were experimentally measured for calculating power consumption during effective mixing phase in rubber blending.

Influence of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide amount on the properties of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber-based composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Omar A. Al-Hartomy ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Said A. Farha Al Said ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Mihail Mihaylov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Epoxy Groups

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to investigate the influence of the amount of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on the curing characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (Epoxyprene 50) filled with 70 phr silica. The obtained results showed that although the interaction between the epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber and the silanol groups of silica through hydrogen bonds improves the dispersion of filler in the rubber matrix, the presence of silane coupling agents is necessary to obtain rubber compounds and vulcanizates with good vulcanization characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties.

Influence of Modified Cassava Peel Waste (CPW) Loading on Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 1119 ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Hamidah Harahap ◽  
Kelvin Hadinatan ◽  
Adrian Hartanto ◽  
Elmer Surya ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cassava Peel

Cassava peel is one of agricultural waste that abundantly found in environment. One approach to manage this waste is to apply it as filler in natural rubber latex. In this work, the cassava peel waste (CPW) was powdered and dispersed in alkanolamide-water dispersion system to modify its surface. The amount of fillers used was 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 phr (part per hundred rubber) and loaded in natural rubber latex (NRL) formulation system. The products then were formed by dipping method after the NRL formulation was pre-vulcanized at 70°C. The observed parameter includes crosslink density, tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of tensile fracture in NRL film. The results show that 10 phr loading of modified fillers increases the crosslink density, tensile strength, and tensile modulus but decreases the elongation at break. SEM study also reveals that higher filler loading above 10 phr will create the agglomeration in rubber matrix.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber and Fractal Analysis of Rubber Fracture Surfaces

2012 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Lian Xiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Sustained Increase ◽  
Variation Tendency

Carbon black has been used as the main reinforcing fillers that increase the usefulness of rubbers. In this experiment, different compounds based on natural rubber were prepared with carbon black (N330) at various loading ratios from 10 to 125 phr. The mechanical and thermal properties of rubber compounds were measured and the test data with SEM micrographs were analyzed to determine the suitable ratio of carbon black for the desired properties of rubber compound. The results showed that carbon black particles were well dispersed in compounds with loading ratios of 25-30 phr, corresponding to maximum tensile strength values. While with the increase of carbon black content, heat conductivity kept sustained increase. Fractal dimension characterized the degree of uneven dispersion of carbon black in rubber fracture surfaces. A particular value of fractal dimension was obtained to characterize the optimum mechanical property of carbon black filled natural rubber. The thermal property and fractal dimension demonstrated same variation tendency.

The Effect of Wollastonite on Curing Characteristics, Tensile and Morphology of Natural Rubber Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Hoang T.B. Diep ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
A. Rashid Azura ◽  
Ng. Van Tu ◽  
Tsutomu Takeichi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Fracture Surface Morphology ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

Wollastonite filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were prepared using a laboratory two-roll mill. The filler was loaded into NR at different loading, i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 part per hundred of rubber (phr). The effect of wollastonite on curing characteristic, tensile and morphology properties has been studied. Results indicated that the cure time (t90), scorch time (t2), tensile strength and elongation at break of the NR compounds decrease with increasing wollastonite loading but the maximum torque, tensile modulus M100 (stress at 100% elongation), M300 (stress at 100% elongation) increase with increasing wollastonite loading. The fracture surface morphology of the NR compounds was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). More filler detachment from NR surface was observed with increasing wollastonite loading.

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