Growth of CuInSe2 crystals in Cu-rich Cu–In–Se thin films

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1456-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Wada ◽  
Naoki Kohara ◽  
Takayuki Negami ◽  
Mikihiko Nishitani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Impurity Phase ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Topotactic Reaction

A Cu-rich CuInSe2 (CIS) thin film with an atomic ratio of Cu/In = 3.6 was characterized using high-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The film was deposited on a Mo coated soda-lime glass substrate by physical vapor deposition. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) showed that a secondary impurity phase such as Cu2Se segregated on the CIS surface. The three-dimensional crystallographic relationship between the Cu2Se and CIS was found to be (111)Cu2Se (111)CIS and [011]Cu2Se || [011]CIS where the Cu2Se and CIS had pseudocubic structures with a = 5.8 Å and a = 11.6 Å, respectively. CuPt type CIS could be observed near the interface between the Cu2Se and CIS. A growth model of CIS crystals under Cu and Se excess condition is proposed based on the results of TEM. The characteristics of the CIS growth model in Cu-rich CIS film are summarized as follows: (i) CIS crystals are produced from Cu2Se crystals by a “topotactic reaction,” and (ii) sphalerite and/or CuPt type CIS are produced first after the reaction, and (iii) the metastable sphalerite and/or CuPt type CIS is then transformed to the stable chalcopyrite CIS phase.

Preparation of CuInGaSe2 Absorber Layer by Nanoparticles-Based Spray Deposition

2004 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Hyun Kim ◽  
Young-Gab Chun ◽  
Byung-Ok Park ◽  
Kyung-Hoon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Absorber Layer ◽  
Step Motor ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Cigs Nanoparticles

ABSTRACTCIGS nanoparticles for the CIGS absorber layer have been synthesized by low temperature colloidal routes. The CIGS absorber layers for solar cells have been prepared by spray deposition of CIGS nanoparticle precursors (∼20 nm) in glove box under inert atmosphere. An automatic air atomizing nozzle spray system with computer controlled X-Y step motor system was used to spray. The nanoparticle precursor CIGS film was deposited onto molybdenum-coated soda-lime glass substrates (2.5 cm × 5.0 cm) heated to 160°C. The film thickness in the range of 2 μm ± 0.3 μm was attained by spraying of 3 mM colloidal over an area of 12.5 cm2. The coalescence between particles was observed in the CIGS absorber layer under post-treatment of over 550 °C. This is related to the reactive sintering among the nanoparticles to reduce surface energy of the particles. The CuxSe thin film, formed on Mo film by evaporation, improved adhesion between CIGS and Mo layers and enhanced the coalescence of the particles in the CIGS layer. These are closely related to the fluxing of Cu2Se phase which has relatively low melting temperature. The CdS buffer layer was deposited on the CIGS/Mo/soda-lime glass substrate by chemical bath deposition. The CIGS nanoparticles-based absorber layers were characterized by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM).

scholarly journals Characterization of MgO:Cd thin films grown by SILAR method

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun Güney ◽  
Demet İskenderoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Emission Region ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Silar Method ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cd Doping

The undoped and 1%, 2%, and 3% Cd-doped MgO nanostructures were grown by SILAR method on the soda lime glass substrate. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were taken to investigate Cd doping effects on the structural, optical, and morphological properties of MgO nanostructures. XRD measurements show that the samples have cubic structure and planes of (200), (220) of MgO and (111), (200), and (220) of CdO. It was observed that band gaps increase with rising Cd doping rate in MgO thin film. The surface morphology of samples demonstrates that MgO nanostructures have been affected by the Cd doping. PL measurements show that undoped and Cd-doped MgO thin films can radiate in the visible emission region.

Flower-like Na2O nanotip synthesis via femtosecond laser ablation of glass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champika Samarasekera ◽  
Bo Tan ◽  
Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Ablation ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Condition Method ◽  
20 Nm

The current state-of-the-art in nanotip synthesis relies on techniques that utilize elaborate precursor chemicals, catalysts, or vacuum conditions, and any combination thereof. To realize their ultimate potential, synthesized nanotips require simpler fabrication techniques that allow for control over their final nano-morphology. We present a unique, dry, catalyst-free, and ambient condition method for creating densely clustered, flower-like, sodium oxide (Na2O) nanotips with controllable tip widths. Femtosecond laser ablation of a soda-lime glass substrate at a megahertz repetition rate, with nitrogen flow, was employed to generate nanotips with base and head widths as small as 100 and 20 nm respectively, and lengths as long as 10 μm. Control of the nanotip widths was demonstrated via laser dwell time with longer dwell times producing denser clusters of thinner nanotips. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis reveals that nanotip composition is Na2O. A new formation mechanism is proposed, involving an electrostatic effect between ionized nitrogen and polar Na2O. The synthesized nanotips may potentially be used in antibacterial and hydrogen storage applications. PACS: 81 Materials science; 81.07.-b nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization; 81.16.-c methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

GROWTH OF AZO FILMS ON BUFFER LAYERS BY RF MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (31) ◽  
pp. 3033-3040 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. CHEN ◽  
C. H. TSENG ◽  
C. Y. HSU ◽  
C. P. CHOU ◽  
K. H. HOU
Keyword(s):  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Rf Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Buffer Layers ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
Al Thin Film

Al 2 O 3-doped zinc oxide (in AZO, the Al 2 O 3 contents are approximately 2 wt.%) films have been grown by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at room temperature under varied sputtering pressures ranging from 3.5–15 mTorr. The electrical resistivity of AZO films is about 2.22×10-3 Ωcm (sheet resistance ~ 89 Ω/square for a thickness ~ 250 nm), and the visible range transmittance is about 80% at the argon sputtering pressure of 15 mTorr and a RF power of 100 W. This study analyzes the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of AZO thin films grown on soda-lime glass substrate with 2, 5, and 10 nm thick Al buffer layers (and SiO 2 buffer). For the films deposited on the 2 nm thick Al buffer layer, we obtained a c-axis-oriented AZO/ Al thin film on glass with the XRD full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.31 and root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of about 3.22 nm. The lowest resistivity of 9.46×10-4 Ωcm (sheet resistance ~ 37.87 Ω/square for a thickness ~ 250 nm) and a high transmittance (80%) were obtained by applying a 2 nm thick Al buffer layer. In contrast, the resistivity was slightly increased by applying the SiO 2 buffer layer.

Oxide Impurities in Silicon Oxide Intermetal Dielectrics and Their Potential to Elevate Via-Resistances

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Qin ◽  
Donavan Alldredge ◽  
Douglas Heleotes ◽  
Alexander Elkind ◽  
N. David Theodore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Intermetal Dielectric

AbstractSilicon oxide used as an intermetal dielectric (IMD) incorporates oxide impurities during both its formation and subsequent processing to create vias in the IMD. Without a sufficient degassing of the IMD, oxide impurities released from the IMD during the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of the glue layer of the vias had led to an oxidation of the glue layer and eventual increase of the via resistances, which correlated with the O-to-Si atomic ratio of the IMD being ~10% excessive as verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. A vacuum bake of the IMD was subsequently implemented to enhance outgassing of the oxide impurities in the IMD before the glue layer deposition. The implementation successfully reduced the via resistances to an acceptable level.

Slump Molding of Microchannel Arrays in Soda-Lime Glass for Bioanalytical Device Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Billo ◽  
Paul A. Wilson ◽  
John W. Priest ◽  
Mario Romero-Ortega ◽  
Shannon R. Brunskill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Substrate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Mold Material ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
Lab On Chip

A slump molding process was developed to place microchannel geometries in a soda-lime glass substrate for a lab-on-chip bioanalytical device. The process was developed to overcome the biological and chemical reactivity associated with current polymer lab-on-a-chip substrates, and as an alternative to using more expensive glass material. A high speed micro mill and UV laser micromachining center were used to fabricate the negative geometries in the graphite mold material that was used. The slumping process of the soda-lime glass was done using a glass kiln. Microchannel dimensions were in the mesa scale range of 50 μm width × 10 μm depth. The heating schedule for slump molding of the soda-lime glass to take its final shape to these dimensions was determined and documented. The functionality of the slumping process and resultant soda-lime glass device was validated through murine nerve tissue experiments conducted through the bioanalytical device that was developed. The research represented a novel use of slump molding, a process traditionally known for producing artistic works for: (a) embossing engineered microchannels and (b) reliably processing a soda-lime glass substrate, a material known to be difficult to work with due to its poor physical properties.

Effects of Growth Parameters on Surface-morphological, Structural and Electrical Properties of Mo Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering

2008 ◽  
Vol 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Yi Kuo ◽  
Liann-Be Chang ◽  
Ming-Jer Jeng ◽  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
Yong-Tian Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Rf Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate ◽  
X Ray

AbstractThis work reports on the fabrication and characterization of Mo thin films on soda-lime glass substrate grown by reactive RF magnetron sputtering. Film thickness was measured by x-ray step surface profiler. The structural properties and surface morphology were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrical properties were measured by four-point probe. It was found that the growth parameters, such as argon flow rate, RF power, film thickness, have significant influences on properties of Mo films. The strain on films revealed the complicated relationship with the working pressure, which might be associated with micro structures and impurities. In order to improve the adhesion and electricity, we adopted a two-pressure deposition scheme. The optimal thickness and sheet resistance are νm and 0.12 ω The mechanisms therein will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, we also investigated the diffusion property of Na ion of double Mo films sputtered on soda-lime glass. Our experimental results could lead to better understanding for improving further CIGS-based photovoltaic devices.

scholarly journals Bioelectronics-on-a-chip for Cardiomyoblast Proliferation Enhancement Using Electric Field Stimulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Aragon ◽  
María Cebro-Márquez ◽  
Eliseo Perez ◽  
Antonio Pazos ◽  
Ricardo Lage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Culture Chamber ◽  
Glass Coverslip ◽  
Soda Lime Glass Substrate

Abstract Background:Cardiomyoblast generation from conventional approaches is laborious and time-consuming. We present a bioelectronics on-a-chip for stimulating cells cardio myoblast proliferation during culture. Method:The bioelectronics chip fabrication methodology involves two different process. In the first step, an aluminum layer of 200 nm is deposited over a soda-lime glass substrate using physical vapor deposition and selectively removed using a Q-switched Nd:YVO4laser to create the electric tracks. To perform the experiments, we developed a biochip composed of a cell culture chamber fabricated withpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a glass coverslip placed over the electric circuit tracks.By using such a glass coverslip we avoid any toxic reactions caused by electrodes in the culture or may be degraded by electrochemical reactions with the cell medium, which is crucial to determine the effective cell-device coupling. Results:The chip was used to study the effect of electricfield stimulation of Rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts cells (H9c2). Results shows a remarkable increase in the number of H9c2 cells for the stimulated samples, where after 72 hours the cell density double the cell density of control samples. Conclusions:Cell proliferation of Rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts cells (H9c2) using the bioelectronics-on-a-chip was enhanced upon the electrical stimulation. The dependence on the geometrical characteristics of the electric circuit on the peak value and homogeneity of the electric field generated are analyzed and proper parameters to ensure a homogeneous electric field at the cell culture chamber are obtained. It can also be observed a high dependence of the electric field on the geometry of the electrostimulator circuit tracks and envisage the potential applications on electrophysiology studies, monitoring and modulate cellular behavior through the application of electric fields

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation Of Nanostructures Generated On Glasses Using A MHz Femtosecond Laser

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Vipparty
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Irradiation ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nanoparticle Agglomerate ◽  
Insight Into

This dissertation reports the synthesis of unique Si0₂ based nanostructures by exposing glass samples to MHz repletion rate femtosecond laser irradiation. A three-dimensional fibrous nanoparticle agglomerate network was observed on soda-lime glass (73% SiO + other compounds) when exposed to femtosecond laser irradiation at 8.4 MHz and 12.6 MHz repetition rate and 0.5 ms dwell time, in air. By irradiating silica glass (96% SiO₂+ trace elements) sample under ambient conditions with femtosecond pulses at 12.6 MHz and dwell time in excess of 3.0 ms; long continuous nanofibers of extremely high aspect ration (certain fibers up to 100000:1) were obtained. The mechanisms that promote such nanostructures with distinct morphologies have been explored. A deeper insight into the fundamentals of femtosecond laser interaction with dielectrics led to the understanding that variations in bandgap alters ablation dynamics and dictates the response of glass to femtosecond laser irradiation, ultimately resulting in the formation of structures with dissimilar morphology on silica and soda-lime glass.

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