scholarly journals ВПЛИВ ГЛУТАМАТУ МАНГАНУ НА РЕПРОДУКТИВНУ ФУНКЦІЮ ТА ЕМБРІОГЕНЕЗ ЩУРІВ

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
O. V. Shtapenko ◽  
I. I. Hevkan ◽  
Yu. I. Slyvchuk ◽  
V. I. Syrvatka ◽  
S. V. Fyodorova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Liposomal Form ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Control Female

<p>Pregnancy is associated with increased nutritional needs due to the physiologic changes of the female and the metabolic demands of the embryo/fetus. The use of chelating compounds with high biological activity increased the fertility of female rats by stimulation metabolism and functional activity of the reproductive system. Manganese is an essential element utilized by antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and others metalloenzymes that take part in reduction reactions, in multiple physiological processes including reproductive system. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of subcutaneous injections of Mn glutamate in liposomal forms on the reproductive system and the process of embryogenesis of experimental female rat.</p> <p>The study was conducted on female rats aged 2.5-3 months with body weight of 180-200 g. Rats with dated gestation were divided into three groups: two experimental and control. Female rabbits of the 1<sup>th</sup> experimental group were subcutaneous injected of 2 mg/ml for Mn glutamate in liposomal form one week before fertilization and the animals of the 2<sup>th</sup> group were obtained the same preparation during fertilization. Rats were euthanized on the twentieth day, ovariens were singled out of fiber, visual inspection and counting the number of yellow bodies were performed, absolute and relative mass indexes were determined, Mn glutamate influence index was calculated.</p> <p>Experimental results showed that the administration of Mn glutamate 7 days before fertilization and during fertilization significant increased the number of corpora lutea of pregnancy (p&lt;0,001), number of live fetuses (p&lt;0,001) due to the decrease in general and pre-implantation embryonic mortality compared with the control group. The experimental results showed improvement in key indicators of embryonic development. We observed significant increase in the number of implanted embryos on 1 female at 10,7±0,26 and 11,3±0,21 (p&lt;0,001) (9,4±0,16 vs. control group) and decrease of the number of resorption in the female rats treated with Mn glutamate as compared with the control group. The results suggest a beneficial effect on the course of Mn glutamate embryogenesis of experimental animals.</p> <p><em>Key words: glutamate manganese, pregnancy, embryogenesis, liposomal preparation</em></p>

Effect of Fetal and Neonatal Hypothyroidism on Glucose Tolerance in Middle-Aged Female Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Jeddi ◽  
Saeedeh Khalifi ◽  
Mahboubeh Ghanbari ◽  
Asghar Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Hypothyroidism ◽  
Glucose Levels

Background and objective: The effects of hypothyroidism during pregnancy and lactation on carbohydrate metabolism have been mostly studied in male animals. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate effect of fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism (FH and NH) on the glucose tolerance in middle-aged female rat offspring. Methods: Pregnant female rats were divided into three groups: Rats in the control group consumed tap water, while those in the FH and NH groups consumed 250 mg/L of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in their drinking water during gestation or lactation periods, respectively. After weaning, the female offspring were separated and divided into 3 groups (n=8/group): Control, FH, and NH. Body weight was recorded monthly and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed at month 12. Results: Compared to controls, female rats in the FH group had significantly higher plasma glucose levels than controls throughout the IVGTT except at min 60. Values at min 5 of the FH and control group were 196.1±1.9 and 155.3±5.9 mg/dL, respectively (P<0.05). In the NH group, plasma glucose levels were significantly higher only at min 5 (185.7±14.1 vs. 155.3±5.9 mg/dL, P<0.05). Conclusion: Hypothyroidism during fetal or neonatal periods caused glucose intolerance in middle-aged female offspring rats.

scholarly journals Subchronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Alstonia boonei de wild. (apocynaceae) stem bark in normal rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnabé Lucien Nkono Ya Nkono ◽  
Selestin Dongmo Sokeng ◽  
Paul Désiré Dzeufiet Djomeni ◽  
Frida Longo ◽  
Pierre Kamtchouing
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Hematological Analysis ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Dose Dependent

<p><strong>Methodology:</strong> Wistar rats were randomly assigned into eight groups of five animals each: four male groups and four female groups. Each sex group had a control group receiving distilled water and three test groups receiving 200, 500 and 1000mg/kg respectively. Animal’s body weights were recorded on the first day and once a week for the four experiment weeks. The hematological analysis included total WBC count, total RBC count, Hb, %HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Biochemical/serum profile studies include TG, TC, ALT, AST, urea and TP. Tissue specimens of the liver, kidney and lung were subjected to histological examination using standard hematoxylin-eosin staining.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> In male rats, aqueous extract showed significant decreases in relative weight of liver with extreme significance P&lt;0.001 at a dose of 200mg/kg (vs. control group), P&lt;0.001 of lung at all the doses, P&lt;0.05 (200 and 500mg/kg) and P&lt;0.01 (1000mg/kg) in heart weight. In relative kidney weight, only the dose of 1000mg/kg showed a significant increase vs. normal control male rats. Unlike male rats, only relative kidney weight in female rats was significantly different from the control group in a dose-dependent manner. The aqueous extract treated male groups showed significant increases P&lt;0.001 (1000mg/kg) of total WBC count and MCHC, significant decreases of %HTC (dose response manner), P&lt;0.05 total RBC count (at doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg) and Hb P&lt;0.01 (500mg/kg) vs. normal male rats. In female rats, the haematological study showed significant increase P&lt;0.01 of total WBC count (at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg), significant decreases P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01 of total RBC respectively at the doses of 200 and 1000mg/kg, significant decrease of Hb with extreme significance P&lt;0.001 at the dose 1000mg/kg, %HTC also decrease dose response manner vs. control female rats. Biochemical study showed in male rats significant decreases in level of TG P&lt;0.001 (at the doses of 200 and 500mg/kg) and urea, although it showed any dose-dependent effect vs. control male rats. AST also decreases (P&lt;0.05) in male rats at the dose of 200mg/kg but significantly increase P&lt;0.001 at the dose of 500mg/kg. In the female rats, biochemical study revealed significant increases in level of TG P&lt;0.001 and urea P&lt;0.01 at the dose of 200mg/kg and significant decreases in level of TG P&lt;0.01, AST P&lt;0.05 and urea P&lt;0.05 at the dose of 500mg/kg (vs. control female rats). Microscopically, there were mild hepatic and renal tissue injuries supporting the hematological analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results indicated that aqueous extract of <em>Alstonia boonei</em> De Wild is toxic in high doses.</p>

Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic fields exposure throughout middle/late adolescence on the kidney morphology and biochemistry of the female rat

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Öztürk Okatan ◽  
Ali Ertan Okatan ◽  
Hatice Hancı ◽  
Selim Demir ◽  
Serap Özer Yaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sham Group ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Kidney Morphology

The effect of the electromagnetic field (EMF) established when cell phones are in use on human health, and particularly the head, has been the subject of major scientific research. Phones are usually carried near the lumbar region when not in use, and the kidneys will also inevitably be affected by such fields. We investigated the effects on the kidneys of female rats exposed to a continuous 900-megahertz (MHz) EMF for 1 h daily in mid-late adolescence. Control, sham, and EMF groups were established. The EMF was applied to the application group rats daily on postnatal days 35–59. A pseudo-megahertz effect was applied to sham group rats. All animals were euthanized on postnatal day 60. Right kidney tissues were subjected to routine procedures. Malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status (TOS) were investigated in left kidneys, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated from these. Histopathological analysis revealed no pathology in either the control or sham groups. However, findings including hemorrhage in glomerulus, vacuolization and irregularity in the proximal and distal tubular epithelium, diffuse glomerular degeneration and edema, occasional degeneration in Bowman capsules, hemorrhage in the medullary region, disturbed nucleus location and morphology, and tubular edema in the cortex were observed in the EMF groups. TOS and OSI values were lower in the EMF group (9.4316 ± 1.0211 and 0.8461 ± 0.0826, respectively) and the sham group (8.2171 ± 0.6437 and 0.7358 ± 0.0545, respectively) than in the control group (11.1522 ± 1.3389 and 1.0085 ± 0.1174, respectively) ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, exposure to a continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during middle and late adolescence may cause various changes in the female rat kidney at postnatal day 60.

scholarly journals Effects of Semi-Starvation on the Total Body Composition and Absorptive Function of the Small Intestine of the Young Adult Female Rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
VJ Williams ◽  
W Senior ◽  
JilI Sippel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Variable Weight

Sixteen female rats aged about 80 days and with a mean body weight of 175 g were fed 40 % of their ad libitum intake of a laboratory chow. They were killed and analysed for water, protein, lipid and ash after 9, 21� 5, 30� 2 and 38�8 % of body weight had been lost. Compared to a control group of four animals, the 38�8 % group lost 13 g or 34 % of their protein. The animals in the 21 . 5, 30� 2 and 38 . 8 % groups lost 7� 5 g or 87 % of their lipid leaving only 1 �1 g of lipid. The percentage protein in the body was little affected by body weight loss but lipid decreased from 5 to 1 %. In another experiment with 26 rats of 205 g mean body weight and aged about 115 days, absorption rates by the small intestine were measured in vivo after variable weight losses between 0 and 39 %. o( + )-Glucose uptake was increased by about 70 % in those animals which had lost only 5 % of body weight and this increased uptake was retained in those rats which had lost up to 39 % of body weight. The absorption of L-leucine was not affected by the decline in body weight compared to the controls but relative to body weight, the ability of the intestine to absorb increased. In the same animals, the wet and dry weights of the small intestine declined slightly faster than body weight and the length of the small intestine tended to decrease slightly with increasing loss of body weight.

scholarly journals Histomorphology of Pancreatic Islet in Physiological Aging Female Rats Post Intravenous Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wining Astini
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Pancreatic Islet ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
Wharton’S Jelly ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Wharton's Jelly

The increasing population of aged people will have the important role in the life, but the function of their bodies will decrease because of aging. Aging will increase the risk of degenerative disease, one of example is diabetes. The disease is related to the aging in the pancreatic organ which progressively declines by age. The aimed of the experiment was to determine the effect of human wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells by injecting intravenously in aging female rats. This study used 3 young female rats (3 months) and 6 aging female rats (24 months). The experiment consisted of three groups. The young control group (A), the aging control group (B) that received NaCl (0.9%) 0,4 mL, the aging treatment group (C) received 1 x 106 cells/kg of human wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells 0,4 mL. The aging control and the aging treatment group were injected 4 times with the interval in 3 months. The end of the experiment (12 months), the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The pancreatic tissues were collected to examine the pancreatic islets by histology studies. Changes of the pancreatic islet in control and treated groups were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. These findings conclude that injecting human wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cell increase the diameter and total pancreatic islet in the treatment group. In other side, the cell population of pancreatic islet also have significant differences (P<0.05) in treated physiological aging female rat groups than control aging female rat group.

scholarly journals Bisphenol-A Dose-dependently Regulates The Development of Ovary and Uterus through Differential Expression of METTL3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Zhifan Zhang ◽  
Daojuan Wang ◽  
Hongwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Blank Group ◽  
Rna Methylation

Abstract Background: Environmental endocrine disruptors, which have a profound impact on the reproductive system, can cause endocrine and reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a common endocrine disruptor which can affect the function of the reproductive system under low-dose conditions. However, the mechanism by which this molecule disrupts normal reproduction is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the RNA methyltransferase METTL3 in adolescent female rats which may be a possible mode of action of BPA. Methods: 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intragastrically treated for 10 weeks, which were divided into blank group (n = 8), control group (soybean oil, n = 8), three BPA-treatment groups (0.5 mg/kg BPA + soybean oil, 5 mg/kg BPA + soybean oil, 50 mg/kg BPA + soybean oil, n = 8). Results: The results showed that low-dose BPA (0.5 mg/kg) increased the coefficient of uteri and ovaries, and promoted the growth of uteri in rats without causing hyperandrogenism and ovarian polycystic changes. Oral BPA disturbed the expression of CYP17A1, CYP11A1 and METTL3 in ovaries and effected the level of serum testosterone. Conclusions: Our results suggested that oral BPA might interfere uterine and ovarian morphology and the level of hormone with RNA methylation by disturbing the expression level of METTL3. RNA methylation will be a new way to explain the interference mechanism of BPA.

scholarly journals KETOKSIKAN AKUT ORAL ZAT PEWARNA MAKANAN DAUN JATI (Tectona grandis L. f.) PADA TIKUS WISTAR

Pro Food ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Candra Dwipayana Hamdin ◽  
Dheni Cahyo ◽  
Dandiko Galanova
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Test Animal

Jati leaf becomes one of the alternative natural food coloring in some food producers. A research is needed to determine the potential of acute ketoxicity (LD50) and determine the clinical symptoms that arise also to see the groos patologi of organs resulting from single oral dosage of jati leaf extract. This research was conducted with complete randomized design using OECD 423 method. The test animal used was Wistar strain female rats. In this study, the test animals were divided into 2 groups, namely the control and treatment groups, each consisting of 3 test animals. Control group given Na CMC 0.5% and treatment group given jati leaf extract with a single dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. Dosage starts from 2000 mg/kg bw, then increased to 5000 mg / kg bw in different rat. Observations were made for 14 days because single dose administration did not cause death. Test animals were sacrificed for gross observation of the vital organ pathologies (liver, kidney, heart, stomach, spleen, and small intestine). The results showed the potential toxicity (LD50) jati leaf extract using Wistar female rat test animal included in V category (not classified). The dosage of 2000 mg/kg bw did not show any change in behavior, the dosage of 5000 mg/kg bw gave clinical symptom on the central and somatomotor nerves in the form of increased aggressiveness and vocalization and gastrointestinal disturbances in the form of singultus in the test animals.   Keywords: Acute toxicity (LD50), gross pathology, histopathology, jati leaf extract (Tectona grandis L. f.), OECD 423.   ABSTRAK   Daun jati menjadi salah satu alternatif pewarna alami makanan pada sebagian produsen makanan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan potensi ketoksikan akut (LD50) untuk mengetahui gejala-gejala klinik yang timbul dan melihat gambaran gross patologi organ akibat pemberian oral dosis tunggal ekstrak daun jati. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap pola searah menggunakan metode OECD 423. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah tikus betina galur Wistar. Pada penelitian ini, hewan uji dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 3 hewan uji. Kelompok kontrol dipejani Na CMC 0,5% dan kelompok perlakuan dipejani ekstrak daun jati dengan dosis tunggal 2000 dan 5000 mg/kg BB. Dosis pemejanan dimulai dari 2000 mg/kg BB, kemudian dinaikkan menjadi 5000 mg/kg BB pada tikus yang berbeda. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 14 hari karena pemejanan dosis tunggal tidak menyebabkan kematian. Hewan uji dikorbankan untuk pengamatan gross patologi organ vitalnya (hati, ginjal, jantung, lambung, limpa, dan usus halus). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi ketoksikan (LD50) ekstrak daun jati menggunakan hewan uji tikus betina galur Wistar termasuk dalam kategori V (tidak terklasifikasikan). Pemejanan dosis 2000 mg/kg BB tidak menunjukkan perubahan tingkah laku, pada pemejanan dosis 5000 mg/kg BB memberikan gejala klinis pada saraf pusat dan somatomotor berupa peningkatan agresifitas dan vokalisasi serta gangguan pada saluran cerna berupa singultus pada hewan uji.   Keywords: ekstrak daun jati (Tectona grandis L. f.), gross patologi, histopatologi, OECD 423, toksisitas akut (LD50)

Oestrogen–bromocriptine interaction in the control of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in the neonatally oestrogenized female rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Aguilar ◽  
C. Fernández Galaz ◽  
M. D. Vaticón ◽  
A. Tejero ◽  
A. Oriol
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Neonatal Treatment ◽  
Positive Feedback Effect

Neonatally oestrogenized female rats showed hyperprolactinaemia (prolactin, 230 μg/l), normal LH levels and absence of a positive feedback effect of oestrogen on secretion of LH at 5 months of age. Bromocriptine treatment for 13 days (1 mg/kg per day) caused no changes in LH levels and prolactin levels decreased to normal values (33 μg/l). This decrease in prolactin concentration was not followed by the recovery of phasic LH response to oestrogens. The effectiveness of oestrogens to induce prolactin secretion was greater in the neonatally oestrogenized rats than in the control group. In both cases the effect diminished after bromocriptine treatment. These results indicate that hyperprolactinaemia is not the cause of the anovulatory state in oestrogenized rats and that neonatal treatment with oestrogens alters oestrogen–prolactin relations, probably involving dopamine.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and its role in exhaustive-exercise-induced changes in female rat ovulatory cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer F. Mostafa ◽  
Shereen M. Samir ◽  
R.M. Nagib
Keyword(s):  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Wide Range

Exhaustive exercises can cause delayed menarche or menstrual cycle irregularities in females. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are incorporated into a wide range of benefits in many physiological systems. Our work aimed to assess the role of ω-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the deleterious effects of exhaustive exercise on the female reproductive system in rats. Virgin female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (12 rats in each): control group, omega-3 group treated with DHA, exhaustive exercise group, and exhaustive exercised rats treated with DHA. Omega-3 was given orally to the rats once daily for 4 estrous cycles. Exhaustive exercises revealed lower levels in progesterone and gonadotropins together with histopathological decrease in number of growing follicles and corpora lutea. Moreover, the exercised rats showed low levels of ovarian antioxidants with high level of caspase-3 and plasma cortisol level that lead to disruption of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. ω-3 PUFA DHA has beneficial effects on the number of newly growing follicles in both sedentary and exercised rats with decreasing the level of caspase-3 and increasing the antioxidant activity in ovaries. Exhaustive exercises can cause ovulatory problems in female rats that can be improved by ω-3 supplementation.

scholarly journals Protective effects of a new glutamic acid derivative against stress after nNOS blockade

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.N. Tyurenkov ◽  
T.A. Popova ◽  
V.N. Perfilova ◽  
I.I. Prokofiev ◽  
A.V. Borisov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acid Derivative ◽  
Brain Mitochondria ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Heart Homogenate ◽  
The Brain

We studied the effects of a new glutamic acid derivative, glufimet, on oxidative stress, activity of antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial respiration, endothelial vasodilation and anti-platelet activity in female rats after exposure to 24-hour immobilization pain stress and 7-nitroindazole, a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor. A single dose administration of glufimet (29 mg/kg intraperitoneally) 10 minutes before stress exposure caused a decrease of NO metabolites in serum (by 27.2%) and heart homogenate (33.5% (p£0.05), respectively, compared with the control group. Administration of 7-nitroindazole with glufimet also decreased the studied parameters by 14.3% in the heart homogenate and by 30,3% in the brain (p£0.05) compared with stress exposed rats receiving only the nNOS inhibitor. Glufimet decreased the levels of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation (LPO), conjugated dienes by 20% (p£0.05) and 17.3% (p£0.05), ketodienes by 16% and 13.7%, malondialdehyde by 15% (p£0.05) and 26.6% (p£0.05) in the heart and brain mitochondria of stress exposed rats, respectively, compared with the control group. Glufimet administration also increased SOD activity (by 14.4% and 13.1%, respectively), catalase (by 19% and 26.8%, respectively) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (by 45.5% (p£0.05) and 7.3%, respectively). The antioxidant effect of glufimet may be also attributed to increased coupling between the processes of mitochondria respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. This was evidenced by an increase in the respiratory control ratio (RCR) (by 46.0% (p£0.05) for malate/glutamate and by 49,7% (p£0.05) for succinate) in the heart mitochondria. A statistically significant increase in RCR (by 37.3% (p£0.05)) was observed in stress exposed female rat brain mitochondria for succinate. RCRs differed significantly for succinate in the heart and brain of rats receiving glufimet after nNOS blockade. RCR increased by 62.3% (p£0.05) in the heart mitochondria and by 72.2% (p£0.05) in the brain mitochondria compared with the RCRs in stress exposed rats receiving 7-nitroindazole.

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