IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
MAY G. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Exogenous Agents ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Long Term Observation

CERTAIN individuals are more susceptible than others to many conditions. In recent years it has become clear that in rheumatic fever, susceptibility of the host is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. It was concluded from genetic and epidemiologic studies that susceptibility to rheumatic fever is on a genetic and age basis. Although the susceptible child cannot be identified at the present time, the number of children expected to be susceptible in a group of families of known genotype may be determined on the basis of recessive inheritance. It may, therefore, be postulated that distributed among a group of families of known hereditary background are children who are susceptible and insusceptible to the acquisition of rheumatic fever. As a direct result of long term observation of rheumatic families over a period of 30 years, a second generation of children of known hereditary background is available to us for exploratory studies. This group includes children from families in which one or both parents are rheumatic, or in which neither parent is rheumatic. In this group there are normal (insusceptible), susceptible and rheumatic children. The nature of the hereditable factors which may be responsible for susceptibility is obscure. Recent advances in biochemical genetics have provocative implications in rheumatic fever. Of particular interest are the observations which demonstrate that such biochemical reactions as enzyme and protein specificities are gene determined. As a working hypothesis it seemed reasonable to postulate that in a susceptible child, abnormal physiologic, chemical, immunologic or hormonal responses might be found. Differences might then be observed in certain reactions between the normal group and a group containing a high proportion of genetically susceptible children. This approach does not conflict with the concept that exogenous factors, irrespective of their nature, may also be operative. If the nature of the endogenous factors were known, the role of possible exogenous agents would be clarified.

Considering a Potential Role of Linalool as a Mood Stabilizer for Bipolar Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (40) ◽  
pp. 5128-5133
Author(s):  
Kate Levenberg ◽  
Wade Edris ◽  
Martha Levine ◽  
Daniel R. George
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mood Stabilizer ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Short And Long Term

Epidemiologic studies suggest that the lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders ranges from 2.8 to 6.5 percent of the population. To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with disease progression, pharmacologic intervention is indicated for the majority of these patients. While a number of effective treatment regimens exist, many conventional medications have significant side effect profiles that adversely impact patients’ short and long-term well-being. It is thus important to continue advancing and improving therapeutic options available to patients. This paper reviews the limitations of current treatments and examines the chemical compound Linalool, an alcohol found in many plant species, that may serve as an effective mood stabilizer. While relatively little is known about Linalool and bipolar disorder, the compound has been shown to have antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-depressive, and neurotrophic effects, with mechanisms that are comparable to current bipolar disorder treatment options.

scholarly journals Behind an Accelerated Scientific Research Career: Dynamic Interplay of Endogenous and Exogenous Forces in Talent Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
David Yun Dai ◽  
Xian (Stella) Li
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Talent Development ◽  
Early College ◽  
Research Career ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

This study looks at the educational experiences, from the preschool years to advanced professional training in STEM fields, of a targeted sample of 10 (7 male, 3 female) early college entrants in China who later became professors at prestigious USA research universities. The purpose of the study was to find out (1) what some identifiable endogenous factors were about these individuals that facilitated the success of their accelerated learning and development; (2) what kinds of exogenous factors (e.g., environmental opportunities, resources, support) they experienced from childhood to adulthood that enhanced the successful acceleration experience; and (3) how these endogenous and exogenous factors facilitated their developmental transitions every step of the way, especially from the role of a student to that of an aspiring scientist. These questions are addressed in light of evolving complexity theory. Retrospective interviews were used for data collection. Thematic analysis of the codes from interview data yielded a conceptual map. A distinct set of endogenous and exogenous factors at different developmental junctures were identified, and their dynamic interplay was delineated to account for accelerated trajectories toward a scientific research career. The theoretical significance and practical implications of the study for talent development in science are discussed.

ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS AND ECOLOGICAL DARWINISM

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 1211-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIAS L. KHALIL
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Comparative Theory ◽  
By Products ◽  
Matter Energy

The paper assesses the ecological approach which challenges the standard concept of scarcity in both neoclassical economics and neo-Darwinian orthodoxy. The focus is on comparative theory analysis with regards to the relevance of matter/energy influx. It should not be surprising, in light of the mathematical structure, that the ideas of optimization of utility in orthodox economics and optimization of fitness in mainstream biology are based on common assumptions. One of the assumptions is that environmental resources are given or exist passively in relation to the actor. Otherwise, the mathematical maximization functions would not be feasible. The orthodox assumption of resources as given for a specific population of firms or organisms need not deny that the environment continuously changes, but the assumption entails that such changes are by-products of the interaction of the population with the environment, the interference of other populations, and other exogenous factors. Thus, the orthodox assumption of resources as given, according to the ecological school, excludes, at first approximation, endogenous factors in the explanation of environmental dynamics or the economy-environment nexus. Inspired by Alfred Lotka's work, the ecological agenda in economics (as led by Daly and Costanza) and in biology (as advocated by Odum, Wicken, Depew, Weber, and Ulanowicz) advance the same alternative to the orthodox axiom concerning resources; viz., resources are a function of the active agent. While such an alternative is very fruitful, it does not go far enough. It has limitations: In economics, the ecological approach generally cannot solve the long-term problem of the asymmetric exchange between human economy and the environment. In the life sciences, the ecological approach, as far as it adheres to reformed Darwinism, faces difficulties with regards to the concepts of organization and the process of development/evolution. These problems call for similar conceptual innovations in both disciplines.

scholarly journals Play as a Factor of Harmonious and Disharmonious Development in Childhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
S.A. Voskresenskaya ◽  
G.V. Kozlovskaya ◽  
M.V. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Play Activity ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Long Term Observation ◽  
Clinical Conditions

The article discusses the problems of the development of play activity, as a reflection of harmonious and disharmonious mental development, starting from an early age. 4030 preschool children (2720 boys and 1310 girls) were examined. For the long-term observation, 150 people (92 boys and 58 girls) were selected. Methods: clinical-psychopathological, neurological, psychological, using the concept of leading activity, focused on the “zone of proximal development”. The article analyzes the role of toys as material objects used by children of different ages and clinical conditions, in the structure of which disorders of the mental state and play activity were found. The clinical picture of mental disorders was determined by disorders of the neurosis-like, affective level in combination with individual schizotypal stigmas, and behavioral disorders within the autism spectrum disorders. Conclusions are made about the possibility of an adverse effect of certain forms of play and play objects on the mental state and development of schizo- typal disorders and autism spectrum disorders.

Citizenship, Europe and ethnic boundary making among Russian minorities in Latvia and Lithuania

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalka Patsiurko ◽  
Claire Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
Ethnic Boundary ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Exogenous Factors

This article uses Andreas Wimmer’s model of ethnic boundary making to examine ethnic boundaries among the Russian-speaking minorities in Lithuania and Latvia, two countries with contrasting integration policies. We argue that the exclusive integration policies of Latvia, particularly with regard to citizenship, result in the ‘hardening’ of ethnic boundaries for Russian-speaking minorities in the country, while the more inclusive policies of Lithuania lead to the ‘softening’ of ethnic boundaries for the Russian-speaking minorities. The article considers exogenous factors of boundary making for Russians in Latvia and Lithuania, such as the influence of national policies, the policies of the Russian government and the European integration, but also examines endogenous factors such as the role of civil society, sense of identification and the different experiences of generations. We conclude that whilst endogenous and exogenous factors have shaped ethnic boundaries in different ways in the two countries, these boundaries are blurring because Europe opens up wider possibilities for work and study and younger generations are less likely to be excluded from participation by language or citizenship. In both countries, increasingly hybrid and fluid identities are replacing reified and essentialist ones that are based upon the previous Soviet-style constructs.

scholarly journals Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Update

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamrul Laila ◽  
Eliza Roy ◽  
Md Habibur Rahman ◽  
Ranjit Ranjan Roy
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Urinary Tract Abnormality ◽  
Number Of Children

Background: A large number of children with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) are seen in the community by general practitioners , but there is frequently delay in treatment and not all are referred for further investigations. There is evidence that many cases are misdiagnosed. It is important to optimize diagnostic and management strategies. Result: UTI is an important cause of acute illness, it may be a marker of underlying urinary tract abnormality. Bacteria causes the large majority of UTI in children- Escherichia coli is the most common (90%) bacterial cause. Urine culture & sensitivity is the gold standard for the diagnosis and mandatory for confirmation of UTI. On culture, a colony count of more than 105/ml organisms of a single species is considered confirmatory of UTI. But there is a strong recommendation that , presence of both pyuria and at least 50,000 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) / ml of a single uropathogen in an appropriately collected specimen makes the diagnosis . There is a recommended imaging schedule in childhood UTI to detect anatomical abnormality. Management depends on type of infection. There is no role of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent febrile recurrent UTI without VUR. Conclusion: UTI is a very common disease and may be associated with renal abnormalities and long term squeale. There is debate about best investigation and management strategies. The greatest potential for prevention of renal damage lies in increased awareness, better diagnosis and management of young children with UTI in primary healthcare. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i2.13085 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (2): 90-97

The Political Science of Democratic Transition in Eastern Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean McSweeney ◽  
Clive Tempest
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
East European ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Masses

Political science is presented with an unprecedented case of democratic transition in Eastern Europe with a set of societies that are said to have been atomized by party state organs and without the other formal preconditions for transition to liberal democracy. The article surveys current writings and theories on transition to see whether they fit the East European cases. The stress in the literature on the primacy of endogenous factors, the role of entrepreneurial capitalism and the leading role of elites in facilitating a transition to democracy is of little value in the Eastern European context where exogenous factors, the absence of capitalism and the role of the masses were crucial in the downfall of communism. The prospects for the survival of democracy are discussed in the light of the way the new regimes were inaugurated.

scholarly journals Explicit characterization of human population connectivity reveals long run persistence of interregional dengue shocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (168) ◽  
pp. 20200340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lim Jue Tao ◽  
Borame Sue Lee Dickens ◽  
Mao Yinan ◽  
Chae Woon Kwak ◽  
Ng Lee Ching ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Daily Movement ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Inclusion Probabilities ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Exogenous Factors

Dengue is hyper-endemic in Singapore and Malaysia, and daily movement rates between the two countries are consistently high, allowing inference on the role of local transmission and imported dengue cases. This paper describes a custom built sparse space–time autoregressive (SSTAR) model to infer and forecast contemporaneous and future dengue transmission patterns in Singapore and 16 administrative regions within Malaysia, taking into account connectivity and geographical adjacency between regions as well as climatic factors. A modification to forecast impulse responses is developed for the case of the SSTAR and is used to simulate changes in dengue transmission in neighbouring regions following a disturbance. The results indicate that there are long-term responses of the neighbouring regions to shocks in a region. By computation of variable inclusion probabilities, we found that each region’s own past counts were important to describe contemporaneous case counts. In 15 out of 16 regions, other regions case counts were important to describe contemporaneous case counts even after controlling for past local dengue transmissions and exogenous factors. Leave-one-region-out analysis using SSTAR showed that dengue transmission counts could be reconstructed for 13 of 16 regions' counts using external dengue transmissions compared to a climate only approach. Lastly, one to four week ahead forecasts from the SSTAR were more accurate than baseline univariate autoregressions.

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