scholarly journals Suara-Suara Islam dalam Surat Kabar dan Majalah Terbitan Awal Abad 20 di Minangkabau

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Sastri Sunarti
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local People ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
Petty Bourgeoisie ◽  
The People ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
The Voice

Abstrak Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang perkembangan pers di Sumatera seperti Palembang, Medan, Sibolga, Padang, dan Kota Raja di Aceh pada paruh kedua abad ke-19. Namun demikian, tulisan ini fokus pada daerah Padang yang menjadi pusat perniagaan yang dikelola oleh orang Eropa (terutama Belanda) dan Tionghoa. Selanjutnya, pada awal abad ke-20, para pengusaha pribumi mulai terlibat dalam bidang percetakan dan penerbitan, seperti surat kabar Alam Minangkerbau (1904), Perserikatan Orang Alam Minangkerbau (OAM) tahun 1911 milik orang pribumi asal Minangkabau. Mulai saat itu usaha di bidang percetakan dan penerbitan semakin berkembang di Sumatra. Usaha ini pun hingga memunculkan berbagai karakter dan kepentingan masyarakat pribumi terutama tentang suara-suara kelompok atau organisasi yang memperjuangkan nasib masyarakat miskin, tertindas, maupun yang kurang mendapatkan pengajaran. Sampai menjelang pertengahan abad ke-20 suara-suara masyarakat semakin tumbuh dan direpresentasikan melalui berbagai media cetak. Banyak yang mengusung tentang pentingnya pendidikan baik umum maupun agama di samping tentang periklanan dari perusahaan-perusahaan perkebunan. Maka dari perkembangan pers inilah tidak sedikit yang mengawali suara nasionalisme bangsa dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia termasuk dari Sumatera. ---Abstract This article explains about the development of press in Sumatera, such as Palembang, Medan, Sibloga, Padang, and Kota Raja in Aceh in the second half of 19th Century. However, it focuses on Padang as the center of commerce run by European (especially Dutch), and Chinese. In addition, in the beginning of 20th Century, the indigenous petty bourgeoisie involved in printing and publishing sector, such as Alam Minangkerbau newspaper (1904), Perserikatan Orang Alam Minangkerbau (OAM) in 1911 owned by the local people from Minangkabau. Since then, printing and publishing business had been growing in Sumatera. The business brought various characteristics and also local people interests, especially the voices of groups or organization that fought for the poor, the oppressed people, and the ones who were lack of education access. Until the mid of 20th century, the voices of the people was growing and represented through variety of printed media. Many of them carried on the importance of education, both general and religious education, as well as advertising and plantation companies. This development of press brought the voice of nationalism from various region, including Sumatra.

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

scholarly journals SEJARAH SOSIAL EKONOMI MAJALENGKA PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN HINDIA BELANDA (1819-1942)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Miftahul Falah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Sugar Factory ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dynamic Growth ◽  
In The Beginning

AbstrakTulisan ini menggambarkan sejarah sosial-ekonomi Kabupaten Majalengkapada masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda yang mencakup aspek demografis, pertanian,perkebunan, perdagangan, industri, dan prasarana transportasi. Untuk merekonstruksiitu digunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu heuristik, kritik,interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhanpenduduk Kabupaten Majalengka mengalami penurunan yakni dari 2,29% per tahunpada akhir abad ke-19 menjadi 1,68% pada awal abad ke-20. Meskipun demikian,kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakatnya tumbuh cukup dinamis. Pertanianmerupakan sektor perekonomian terpenting di Kabupaten Majalengka. Pesawahanhampir dikenal di setiap wilayah di Kabupaten Majalengka. Sektor perkebunanjuga tumbuh cukup dinamis sehingga Kabupaten Majalengka menjadi penghasilkopi terbesar di Karesidenan Cirebon. Sektor industri pun cukup berkembang yangditandai dengan adanya upaya peningkatan produksi gula dengan membangun pabrikgula di Kadipaten serta perluasan areal penanaman tebu di wilayah Jatiwangi.AbstractThis paper describes a socio-economical history of Kabupaten (regency)Majalengka in Dutch colonial era, covering issues on demography, agriculture,plantation, commerce, industry and transportation infrastructure. In reconstructingsuch kinds of issues the author applied methods that are used in history: heuristic,critique, interpretation, and historiography. The result shows that in the end of 19thcentury there was a decrease in population in Kabupaten Majalengka from 2.29% to1.68% in the beginning of 20th century. Socio-economically, however, the people faceda dynamic growth. The most important economical sector then was agriculture. Onthe other hand, plantations also grew dynamically, making Kabupaten Majalengkathe biggest coffee producer in Karesidenan Cirebon. Not to mention industrial sector, marked by the efforts to increase sugar production by building a sugar factory inKadipaten as well as expanding sugarcane plantation di Jatiwangi.

MAJOR CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING MODERN TUNISIAN LITERATURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Turgay GÖKGÖZ
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Complementary Role

Tunisia, which was occupied by France in 1881, gained its independence in 1956. For this reason, modern Tunisian literature has been delayed to reach an artistic form. Various developments were necessary for modernization to be experienced in Tunisia, just like in other Arab countries. First of all, there had to be an awareness and awakening movement that would save the people from the oppression and cruelty of the French. As a matter of fact, it is possible to encounter this awakening, which we can call the “Islah” movement, in the works of literary figures. Schools such as Zaytouna University, The Sadiki College and Khaldounia Madrasa were established for the development of the country culturally. The purpose of these schools is to provide students with a Western-style education as well as religious education. In this regard, The Sadiki College and Haldûniye Madrasa have played a complementary role for the religious education given at Zaytouna University. In addition, al-Râ’id al-Tûnisî, al-Hâdhira, al-Sa‘âde al-‘Uzmâ ve al-‘Âlam al-Adabi etc. established in the country. Publications have a very important role in delivering the produced literary products to the public and in establishing modern Tunisian literature. “Jama’at taht al-Sur” which was located in the capital Tunisia in the 1930s and 1940s, was a place where the literary figures and artists of the period came together. This place also constitutes an important part of the literature in terms of laying the foundations of modern Tunisian literature. Finally 20th century writers such as Abu’l-Qâsım al-Shabbî, Ali Douagi and Mahmoud al-Mas‘adi, who were among the names that left their mark on Tunisian literature in the century, were among the key names of literature related to the legacy they passed on to Tunisian literature and to the next generations. In this study, it will be attempted to briefly give a place to the main objectives that have influenced the establishment of modern Tunisian literature, which has an important place in Arabic literature

scholarly journals Belentung Sebagai Identitas Musik Pada Komunitas Konser Kampung Desa Jatitujuh Majalengka Jawa-Barat

SELONDING ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintia Ananias
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Local People ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
West Java ◽  
String Instrument ◽  
The People ◽  
Art Activities ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Voice

Belentung is a string instrument made by bamboo inspired by soundscape which is the voice of big toads and also children toys made by a can and thread of mattress. Belentung can be played individually or ansemble. The words “belentung” also refers to the ansemble or music that produced from belentung itself. Belentung ansamble music have four kinds of instrument based on their size and function, such as belentung panggede, panungtun, panembal and pangrecok.            Belentung made by Komunitas Konser Kampung located in the Jatitujuh village, Majalengka, West Java. Komunitas Konser Kampung has been established since June 26th, 1987 and have many art activities, such as in music activities, literature and fine arts. Members of this community are artists, humanists and youth generation of Jatitujuh. This community have so many art activities in Jatitujuh village itself and also in the level of region, Majalengka until out of region. The interaction of Komunitas Konser Kampung with other communities and also with the people made this community realized the importance of group identit, especially music identity. Belentung created as a music identity of Komunitas Konser Kampung because of the uniqness of the organology and the characteristic of their musical.            The qualitative method used to get data in the field, for example observation participate, interview with the local people, documentation and literature study. Ethnomusicology and anthropology approach has been done to analyze and made conclucion.

scholarly journals ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE RUSSIANS AND ITS TRANSFORMATION ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE ALTAI ECCLESIASTICAL MISSION (THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-170
Author(s):  
Наталья Ивановна Шитова
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The People ◽  
Gorny Altai ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Ethnocultural Identity

Работа посвящена выявлению и анализу архивных материалов из фонда Алтайской духовной миссии (Государственный архив Алтайского края, фонд 164), освещающих особенности этно-культурной идентичности русского населения подведомственной миссии территории (Горный Алтай и его предгорья). При этом религиозная идентичность рассматривается в неразрывной взаимосвязи с этнокультурной и как ее важнейшая составляющая. Выявление подобных материалов представляется актуальным, поскольку позволяет впоследствии осуществить метод интеграции архивных и полевых этнографических источников и получить более достоверную картину особенностей этнокультурной идентичности русских и ее трансформаций в условиях иноэтнического окружения и поликонфессиональной среды. Рассмотрение наблюдений миссионеров начала ХХ в. особенно интересно тем, что отражает процессы, последовавшие за провозглашением свободы совести в 1905 г. По рассматриваемым материалам прослеживается активизация религиозной деятельности старообрядцев и охлаждение к церкви православных. Также наблюдается своеобразная конкуренция православной церкви и старообрядческих общин за своих прихожан, особенно актуальной проблема становится в смешанных в конфессиональном отношении населенных пунктах. Прослеживаются процессы трансформации идентичности, такие как переходы из православия в старообрядчество и, реже, наоборот, также переходы из одного старообрядческого согласия в другое, что, безусловно является интереснейшим проявлением трансформации этнокультурной идентичности. Выявляются наиболее распространенные причины таких переходов, по большей части связанные с практическими соображениями, такими как желание вступить в брак, часто повторный, или получить более выгодные экономические условия. Миссионеры в своих записках выделяют также ряд важнейших этнокультурных маркеров принадлежности к старообрядчеству, не только обрядовых, но и связанных с внешним видом, одеждой, приятием или неприятием некоторых новых явлений жизни. В целом, можно говорить о том, что в начале ХХ в. в Горном и предгорном Алтае наблюдается достаточно пестрый этнокультурный состав русского населения и разнообразные процессы трансформации этнокультурной идентичности. The research is dedicated to revealing and analyzing of archival materials from the fund of the Altai ecclesiastical mission (State archive of the Altai Krai, Fund 164) that concern the specifics of ethnocultural identity of the Russian population who lived at the territory (Gorny Altai and low elevational parts of the Altai) that referred to the running of this mission. The religious identity of the people is seen as closely connected to the ethnocultural identity and is its important integral part. The finding of these materials is believed of much relevance, for it allows using the method of integration of archival and field ethnographical resources and further obtaining of a more clear picture of the specific features in the ethnocultural identity of the Russians, and how it was transformed in conditions of the foreign surrounding and multiconventional environment. The study of the observations of missionaries of the 20th century is especially interesting due to its potential to reflect processes that followed the declaration of freedom of worship in 1905. The studied materials show a growing activity in the sphere of religion among Old Believers and alienation from church among the Orthodox believers. The research reveals a particular competition between the Orthodox church and the communities of Old Believers to have more parishioners, which was a specially evident problem at settlements with confessionally mixed relationships. The research discovers processes of transformation of the identity of people, such as transferring of from the Orthodox church to Old Believers and on the contrary visa versa, what is still noticed much rarer. There were cases of leaving one Old Beleivers’ community for another, and these cases most interesting explosion of the transformation processes of the ethnocultural identity. The work also names the most common reasons of these transformative changes, which were largely dependent on practical perspectives of the people, including willing to get married again, or acquiring a more lucrative economic conditions. The missionaries note in their records a number of most essential ethnocultural markers that belong to the Old Belief, such markers that not only concern rituals, but referring to the outlook of a person, his clothes, accepting or not accepting some new things in life. In general, one can say that in the beginning of the 20th century in Gorny Altai and its neighboring low elevations in Russia the ethnocultural composition of the Russian population was quite varied and was subject to different transformation processes of the ethnocultural identity.

scholarly journals Khazanah Intelektual Ulama Betawi Abad ke-19 dan ke-20 M

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-226
Author(s):  
Nur Rahmah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Search Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People

Jakarta as a metropolitan city and the center of Indonesian government in its history can not be separated from the role of the Betawi scholars (ulama). As well as fighting physically in resistance against colonialism, Betawi scholars are also very productive in writing to intellectual work. However, many of these works have not been well documented. Even though the works are the most authentic proof of the intellectual role of scholars in educating the lives of the people. This research seeks to answer questions about what are the works of Betawi scholars and how they are typologies. From the author's search results, there are 160 the intellectual works of   Betawi scholars who lived in the 19th and 20th centuries. The trends of these intellectual works were in the jurisprudence (Fikih). The trend of scholars to choose jurisprudence in writing their writings shows a change in insight and orientation among pesantren or religious education institutions. This change in insight and orientation is based on the awareness of people's needs for practical religious teachings. The works are dominated in the form of khulasah. It shows that some Betawi scholars still believe that the works of scholars in the past as the masterpiece, so the Betawi scholars only able to write summary of those works.The Intelectual works of the Betawi scholars is also written more in Arabic. This phenomenon shows the mastery of the Ulama on the Arabic language. Moreover, many of the Betawi scholars studied in the Middle East, so that the influence of Arabic in the daily lives of the ulamas became very high.Keywords: ulama, Batavia, ulama’s work, 19th-20th century, Jakarta Jakarta sebagai kota metropolitan dan pusat pemerintahan Indonesia dalam sejarahnya tidak lepas dari peran para ulama Betawi. Selain ikut berjuang secara fisik dalam perlawanan melawan kolonial, ulama Betawi juga sangat produktif dalam melahirkan karya intelektual. Namun, karya-karya tersebut belum terdokumentasikan dengan baik. Padahal karya-karya itu merupakan bukti yang paling otentik mengenai peran intelektual ulama dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan umat. Tulisan ini berusaha menjawab per­tanyaan tentang apa saja karya-karya ulama Betawi dan bagaimana karak­teristiknya. Dari hasil penelusuran, terhimpun 160 karya yang merupakan buah karya intelektual 26 ulama Betawi yang hidup di abad ke-19 dan ke-20 M. Kecenderungan karya intelektual tersebut berada pada bidang fikih. Ke­cenderungan ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan wawasan dan orientasi di kalangan pesantren, khususnya ulama penulis, dari tawawuf yang lebih mewarnai pemikiran ulama abad ke-17 dan ke-18 M ke fikih. Perubahan wawasan dan orientasi ini didasari oleh adanya kesadaran tentang kebu­tuhan masyarakat terhadap ajaran agama yang bersifat praktis. Dari segi jenisnya, karya-karya tersebut kebanyakan berupa khulasah atau ringkasan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa saat ini sebagian ulama masih cenderung terkungkung oleh pemikiran bahwa apa yang terdapat dalam kitab-kitab kuning sudah mengcover seluruh kebutuhan informasi keagamaan sehingga menulisnya kembali dalam konteks kekinian menjadi kurang progresif. Karya ulama Betawi juga lebih banyak ditulis dalam bahasa Arab yang merupakan bukti penguasaan mereka terhadap bahasa Arab. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain karena mereka berguru dan belajar kepada ulama di Timur Tengah sehingga bahasa Arab lebih banyak memengaruhi kehidupan mereka sehari-hari. Meskipun demikian, sebagian mereka tetap memiliki karya dalam bahasa Melayu dan Indonesia sebagai upaya memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat lokalnya.Kata Kunci: ulama, Betawi, karya ulama, abad 19-20, Jakarta

Social Aspect of the Russian Conservatives Ideology in the Beginning of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 428-463
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
In The Beginning

The article examines the social aspect of the Russian monarchist ideology in the beginning of the 20th century. The Rights considered that to preserve the traditional political system it was necessary to preserve also the traditional social system based on the society class division. In truth, giving in to the spirit of time, they resigned the class hierarchy supporting the class openness (thus, recognizing the necessity of society horizontal mobility channels) and intended to place on the class self-government authorities the functions of social representation, thus anticipating the ideas of pluralistic democracy that appeared in the West half a century later. The social program of the Rights failed to attract mass social groups, first of all workers and peasants, that was explained, on the one hand, by populism of their political opponents, who didn’t doubt to resort to social demagogy, and, on the other hand, by the frugality of the promises of the Rights, who followed the tactics of “small deeds” borrowed from the Narodniks and aimed at gradual improvement of the conditions of the people. In general, the monarchists failed to block the propagation of liberal and socialist ideas in Russian society and that became the main reason for their catastrophic defeat in 1917.

The Great Reform and the Fate of Capitalism in Russia (On the 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Reform)

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
In The Beginning

The paper deals with the problem of the establishment of capitalism in Russia in the late 19 - early 20th centuries. Using a wide array of historical research and documents the author argues that the thesis on the advanced state of capitalism in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century does not stand up to historical scrutiny, and the role of the famous Emancipation reform of 1861 appears to be of limited importance.

From Circles to Parties. Genesis of Party System in Russia in the Beginning of 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 464-470
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Solovyov
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Party System ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
In The Beginning

The article is devoted to the general patterns of political parties formation in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. They were preceded by proto-party organizations that were far from being ideologically monolithic. Under the conditions of rapid differentiation of political forces, the existing alliances were often accidental and situational. They hung on to the legacy of the pre-revolutionary era, when the public was just “learning” to talk about politics, and the boundaries between different ideological structures were quite rather relative.

MURAL, KEKUATAN MODAL, DAN MASYARAKAT

DeKaVe ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Annasher
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
The People ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mural Art ◽  
The City ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Special Region

Broadly speaking, this paper discusses the phenomenon of murals that are now spread in Yogyakarta Special Region, especially the city of Yogyakarta. Mural painting is an art with a media wall that has the elements of communication, so the mural is also referred to as the art of visual communication. Media is a media wall closest to the community, because the distance between the media with the audience is not limited by anything, direct and open, so the mural is often used as media to convey ideas, the idea of ??community, also called the media the voice of the people. Location of mural art in situations of public spatial proved inviting the owners of capital to use such means, in this case is the mural. Manufacturers of various products began racing the race to put on this wall media, as time goes by without realizing the essence of the actual mural art was forced to turn to the commercial essence, the only benefit some parties only, the power of public spaces gradually occupied by the owners of capital, they hopes that the community can view the contents of messages and can obtain information for the products offered. it brings motivation and cognitive and affective simultaneously in the community.Keywords: Mural, Public Space, and Society.

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