Impairment of neuromotor and cognitive development in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with normal physical growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Azizi ◽  
A Sarshar ◽  
M Nafarabadi ◽  
A Ghazi ◽  
M Kimiagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Somatic Development ◽  
Intellectual Quotient ◽  
The Mean

In order to detect somatic and psychomotor disturbances in children and adolescents residing in areas of iodine deficiency, schoolchildren from three areas with different degrees of iodine deficiency were studied. In Randan, the prevalence of severe endemic goiter was accompanied by alteration in thyroid function, increased thyrotropin levels and retardation of both bone and psychomotor age and decreased intellectual quotient. In Tehran, where iodine deficiency is mild, visible goiter was present in 1 5% of schoolchildren but no alterations in thyroid function, serum thyrotropin, somatic or psychomotor development could be detected. In Zagoon, where the prevalence and severity of goiter was less than Randan but more than Tehran, thyroid function was normal but slightly decreased as compared to Tehran; somatic development was unaltered, but retardation in psychomotor development was evident and the mean intellectual quotient was less than that of Tehranian schoolchildren. These findings indicate the occurrence of physical and psychomotor disturbances in apparently normal schoolchildren from areas of iodine deficiency. Alteration in psychomotor development may occur in children with normal physical growth, due to iodine deficiency.

Iodine deficiency diseases in children and adolescents (plenary lecture)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Kasatkina
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Plenary Lecture ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

The main consequence of iodine deficiency in the environment is the development of goiter in people living in iodine-deficient regions (endemic goiter). In this regard, for a long time it was considered that goiter is the only manifestation of this condition. It has now been proven that, in addition to goiter, iodine deficiency also has other adverse effects on human health. In 1983, the term "endemic goiter" was replaced by the term  "iodine deficiency diseases" (IDD). These diseases are caused by a decrease in the functional activity of the thyroid gland in response to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Radiation-induced pathomorphism of endemic goiter in children and adolescents in a focus of iodine deficiency (initial manifestations of remore effects of the Chernobyl accident)

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Kasatkina ◽  
D. Ye. Shilin ◽  
A. N. Matkovskaya ◽  
K N. Sokolovskaya ◽  
T. N. Volkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diffuse Goiter ◽  
Progressive Growth

The formation of remote consequences of radiation effects on the thyroid status of the population exposed to low-dose radiation was studied. The authors analyzed epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, hormonal, ultrasonographic, immunological, and morphological characteristics of the prevalence and intensity of endemic goiter in children and adolescents living in two iodine-deficient districts of the Oryol region observed after contamination of their territory with 137-Cs in a dose of 1 to 5 Ci/km2 and in-corporation of 131-I in a dose of 20-30 rad and in a control district free from radiation contamination. The results indicate that under the effect of low-dose combined irradiation endemic goiter in the observed districts acquired atypical features in the six years that passed since the Chernobyl accident in comparison with that in the control region: 1) thyromegalia prevalence is increased, its level being disproportionate with the degree of the existent iodine deficiency; 2) sex-specific differences are completely absent; 3) the maximal strain is observed in children exposed to radioactive iodine in utero 4) morphologically, variants of diffuse goiter with a high risk of node formation predominate; 5) progressive growth of thyroid parenchyma is associated with increased thyroglobulin elimination, this increasing the strain of the humoral component of antithyroid autoimmunity. These data indicate that the modifying effect of low-dose exposure on endemic goiter resulted in the disease pathomorphism associated with oncological risk and increased risk of autoimmune thyroiditis.

scholarly journals Some Trends in the Somatic Development of Children and Adolescents under Iodine-deficiency: Materials from the Saratov Region

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Z. Godina ◽  
Irena A. Khomyakova ◽  
Arsen L. Purundjan ◽  
Ludmila V. Zadorozhnaya ◽  
Alevtina V. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Somatic Development

ENDEMIC GOITRE IN PEDREGOSO (Chile)

1967 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Beckers ◽  
J. Barzelatto ◽  
C. Stevenson ◽  
A. Gianetti ◽  
A. Pardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Distribution Space ◽  
Comparable Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fractional Turnover

ABSTRACT Iodine kinetic studies have been performed in 61 Indians from the Pedregoso goitre endemic in Chile. The daily absolute iodine uptake in the thyroid averaged 98 μg I, with maximal values in the cases of diffuse goitre. The mean thyroxine degradation rate in the same group of patients corresponded to 102 μg I per day, when using the mean thyroxine distribution space and thyroxine (T4) fractional turnover rate obtained from a comparable group of the same population. The output of iodine from the thyroid was calculated by 3 different methods. In each case, the iodine output appears to be higher than the amount of halogen accumulated by the thyroid or metabolized by the tissues. These findings suggest an important spillage of iodine (as iodide and/or iodinated tyrosines) by the goitrous gland. Such a disturbance apart from nutritional iodine deficiency may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter.

Prenatal markers and longitudinal follow-up in simple and complex gastroschisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. F126-F131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelieke Hijkoop ◽  
Hanneke IJsselstijn ◽  
René M H Wijnen ◽  
Dick Tibboel ◽  
Joost van Rosmalen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Prenatal Ultrasound ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Developmental Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bayley Scales

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify gestational-age corrected prenatal ultrasound markers of complex gastroschisis, and to compare physical growth and neurodevelopment between children with simple and complex gastroschisis.DesignWe included prenatally diagnosed gastroschisis patients from 2000 to 2012 who joined our longitudinal follow-up programme. Associations between complex gastroschisis and prenatal ultrasound markers collected at 30 weeks’ gestation and prior to delivery were tested using logistic regression. Physical growth (SD scores (SDS)), mental and psychomotor developmental index (MDI, PDI; Bayley Scales of Infant Development) were recorded at 12 and 24 months. Data were analysed using general linear models and compared with population norms.ResultsData of 61 children were analysed (82% of eligible cases). Extra-abdominal bowel dilatation at 30 weeks’ gestation was significantly associated with complex gastroschisis (OR (95% CI): 5.00 (1.09 to 22.98)), with a high negative (88%) but low positive (40%) predictive value. The mean (95% CI) height SDS at 12 months (−0.46 (–0.82 to –0.11)), and weight SDS at 12 and 24 months (−0.45 (–0.85 to –0.05), and −0.44 (−0.87 to –0.01), respectively) fell significantly below 0 SDS. MDI and PDI were significantly below 100 at 24 months; 93 (88 to 99) and 83 (78 to 87), respectively). Children with complex gastroschisis had a significantly lower PDI (76 (68 to 84)) than those with simple gastroschisis (94 (90 to 97), p<0.001).ConclusionsPrenatal ultrasound markers could not reliably distinguish between simple and complex gastroschisis. Children with complex gastroschisis may be at increased risk for delayed psychomotor development; they should be monitored more closely, and offered timely intervention.

Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Peter Liesenkötter ◽  
Wolfgang Göpel ◽  
Ulrich Bogner ◽  
Barbara Stach ◽  
Annette Grüters
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Liesenkötter KP, Göpel W, Bogner U, Stach B, Grüters A. Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:443–8. ISSN 0804–4643 During pregnancy complex changes of maternal thyroid function occur and they are influenced by the maternal iodine supply. It has been demonstrated that with decreasing iodine supply maternal goiter and hypothyroxinemia as well as fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism become more prevalent. Therefore iodine supplementation during pregnancy is now strongly recommended also in areas of moderate iodine deficiency. To monitor the success of iodine supplementation and its theoretical risk of increasing the frequency of thyroid autoantibodies, we have investigated the thyroid volume, thyroid function, urinary iodine excretion and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase at 10–12 weeks of gestation and postpartum in 38 mothers receiving 300 μg potassium iodide/day and in 70 mothers without iodine supplementation. In all of their newborns thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound. The thyrotropin (TSH) levels and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO-ab) in the neonates were measured in dried blood spots on filter paper from their newborn screening. Urinary iodine excretion was increased significantly after iodine supplementation in mothers (p < 0.001) and their newborns (<0.05). No hypo- or hyperthyroidism was observed in the mothers or newborns. Interestingly, no difference of maternal thyroid volumes was observed between the two groups after pregnancy, but the volumes of the thyroid glands in newborns of mothers who received iodine were significantly (p < 0.004) lower (0.7 ± 0.4 ml) than in the control group (1.5 ± 1.1 ml). There was no change in the frequency of TPO-ab in either group after pregnancy. In four mothers transplacental passage of these antibodies was documented by positive measurement in the blood sample of the newborn. This study documents that iodine supplementation during pregnancy in an area of moderate iodine deficiency results in a lower size of neonatal thyroid volume and that this supplementation was not accompanied by an increase in the frequency of TPO-ab. Klaus Peter Liesenkötter, Kinderklinik Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Haus (KAVH), Virchow-Klinikum der Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Heubnerweg 6, 14059 Berlin, Germany

Study on Association between Height, Weight, Iodine Supplementation and Thyroid Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Lanchun Liu ◽  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The policy of Universal Salt Iodization (USI) could reduce population’s thyroid volume (TVOL) in iodine deficiency areas. Conversely, the improved growth and developmental status of children might increase the TVOL accordingly. Whether the decreased TVOL by USI conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between height, weight, iodine supplementation and TVOL. Five national Iodine Deficiency Disorder surveys were matched into four pairs according to the purpose of analysis. County-level data of both detected by paired surveys were incorporated, 1: 1 random pairing method was used to match counties or individuals. The difference of TVOL between different height, weight, different iodine supplementation measures groups and the association between TVOL and them were studied. The mean height and weight of children aged 8-10 years increased from 129.9cm and 26.9kg in 2002 to 136.2cm and 32.1kg in 2019; while the median TVOL decreased from 3.10ml to 2.61ml. Iodine supplementation measures can affect TVOL; after exclude iodine effects, the median TVOL was increased with the height and weight. On the other side, after excluding the influence of height and weight, the median TVOL remained decreased. Only age, weight and salt iodine were significant associated with TVOL in multiple linear models. Development of height and weight in children is the evidence of improved nutrition. The decreased TVOL caused by iodized salt measures conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL. Age, weight, and salt iodine affect TVOL significantly.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules in patients with previous thyroid lobectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yan ◽  
Mingbo Zhang ◽  
Fang Xie ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Jing Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Thyroid Lobectomy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Benign Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Benign Thyroid

Abstract Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is recommended for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. However, data on the clinical role of RFA for benign thyroid nodules in patients with history of thyroid lobectomy are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules in patients who had previously undergoing thyroid lobectomy. Methods From May 2015 to October 2018, a total of 20 patients (19 females, 1 male, mean age 49.50 ± 14.26 years, range 22–74 years) with 20 benign thyroid nodules (mean volume 15.04 ± 21.17 ml, range 0.40–69.67 ml) who had undergone previous thyroid lobectomy were included in this retrospective study. Patients were followed up at 3, 6, 12 months after RFA and every 12 months thereafter by ultrasound, clinical evaluation and thyroid function. Volume, volume reduction rate (VRR), symptom score and cosmetic score were evaluated. Results During the mean follow-up time of 21.24 ± 16.41 months, the mean nodule volume decreased significantly from 15.04 ± 21.17 ml to 1.29 ± 1.17 ml (P = 0.018) with a mean VRR of 85.41 ± 12.17%. Therapeutic success was achieved in a single session for all thyroid nodules. The symptom score (P = 0.001) and cosmetic score (P = 0.001) were both significantly reduced at the last follow-up. The levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone were not significantly different at the last follow-up from those prior to treatment (all P > 0.05). No life-threatening complications or sequelae occurred after RFA. Conclusions As a minimally invasive modality, RFA was a safe, effective, and thyroid function-preserving option for patients with symptomatic benign thyroid nodules after a previous lobectomy.

scholarly journals Plasma mineral (selenium, zinc or copper) concentrations in the general pregnant population, adjusted for supplement intake, in relation to thyroid function

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Victor Pop ◽  
Johannes Krabbe ◽  
Wolfgang Maret ◽  
Margaret Rayman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supplement Intake

AbstractThe present study reports on first-trimester reference ranges of plasma mineral Se/Zn/Cu concentration in relation to free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), assessed at 12 weeks’ gestation in 2041 pregnant women, including 544 women not taking supplements containing Se/Zn/Cu. The reference range (2·5th–97·5th percentiles) in these 544 women was 0·72–1·25 µmol/l for Se, 17·15–35·98 µmol/l for Cu and 9·57–16·41 µmol/l for Zn. These women had significantly lower mean plasma Se concentration (0·94 (sd 0·12) µmol/l) than those (n 1479) taking Se/Zn/Cu supplements (1·03 (sd 0·14) µmol/l; P < 0·001), while the mean Cu (26·25 µmol/l) and Zn (12·55 µmol/l) concentrations were almost identical in these sub-groups. Women with hypothyroxinaemia (FT4 below reference range with normal TSH) had significantly lower plasma Zn concentrations than euthyroid women. After adjusting for covariates including supplement intake, plasma Se (negatively), Zn and Cu (positively) concentrations were significantly related to logFT4; Se and Cu (but not Zn) were positively and significantly related to logTSH. Women taking additional Se/Zn/Cu supplements were 1·46 (95 % CI 1·09, 2·04) times less likely to have elevated titres of TPO-Ab at 12 weeks of gestation. We conclude that first-trimester Se reference ranges are influenced by Se-supplement intake, while Cu and Zn ranges are not. Plasma mineral Se/Zn/Cu concentrations are associated with thyroid FT4 and TSH concentrations. Se/Zn/Cu supplement intake affects TPO-Ab status. Future research should focus on the impact of trace mineral status during gestation on thyroid function.

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