EXCRETION OF CONJUGATES OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN HUMAN BILE DURING LATE PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Laatikainen ◽  
O. Karjalainen
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Bile Samples ◽  
Steroid Sulphate

ABSTRACT 10 C19 and 21 C21 steroids were identified and most of them estimated in in the glucuronide and mono- and disulphate fractions of human pregnancy bile. Total amounts of 60–70 mg/100 ml were found in the gallbladder bile samples studied, indicating that the biliary route of excretion is of great importance in the metabolism of neutral steroids during pregnancy. Isomers of pregnanolone and pregnanediol predominated, and considerable amounts of 16α- and 21-hydroxylated C21O3 steroids were also found. These compounds are probably mainly maternal metabolites of progesterone, which is produced in large amounts by the foeto-placental unit. The concentrations of C19 steroids were small in comparison with those of C21 steroids. It seems that the proportion of steroid sulphate excretion in bile in relation to glucuronides is increased during pregnancy. Unconjugated steroids were not found in the bile samples studied.

Determination of Free Polyamines in Human Bile by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

1993 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hallak ◽  
R. Rosenberg ◽  
T. Gilat ◽  
G. J. Sömjen
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
T Tube ◽  
Free Polyamines ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Model Bile ◽  
Bile Samples

1. Polyamines are widely distributed in the body and may have cholesterol-nucleating activity in model bile and human bile. There are only partial and scant data available on the type of polyamines in human bile. 2. In this study methods for extraction of free polyamines, benzoylation and an h.p.l.c.-based method for the quantitative determination of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine in bile are described. The h.p.l.c. methodology was validated and compared with separation on t.l.c. after dansylation. 3. The polyamine content of 11 gallbladder bile samples and 11 T-tube bile samples was analysed, all from patients with gallstones. Polyamines were found in three out of 11 gallbladder bile samples and eight out of 11 T-tube bile samples. Putrescine levels were 0.5-287 μmol/l and cadaverine levels were 2.4-645.4 μmol/l; these were considerably higher than spermine and spermidine levels. 4. As many of these gallstones bile samples were devoid of polyamines, it is questionable whether polyamines play an important role in cholesterol nucleation in human bile.

Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. F105-F109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Davison ◽  
E. A. Gilmore ◽  
J. Durr ◽  
G. L. Robertson ◽  
M. D. Lindheimer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Slow Infusion ◽  
Vasopressin Secretion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plasma Arginine

Osmoregulation was studied in eight women during late pregnancy and again 8-10 wk postpartum. Base-line plasma osmolality (Posmol) was significantly lower during (280.9 +/- 2.1 mosmol/kg, SD) than after (289.4 +/- 2.1 mosmol/kg) pregnancy yet 24-h urinary volume and plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) measured in vasopressinase-inactivated blood was similar in both groups (pregnancy, 1.39 +/- 0.56 pg/ml; postpartum, 1.25 +/- 0.62 pg/ml). After 12 h of dehydration PAVP rose similarly and significantly both during (2.25 +/- 0.81 pg/ml) and after (2.89 +/- 1.19 pg/ml) gestation, and Uosmol was similar on both occasions (pregnancy, 779 +/- 121 mosmol/kg; postpartum, 784 +/- 102 mosmol/kg). When Posmol was increased by the slow infusion of 5% saline PAVP increased as soon as body tonicity did both during and after pregnancy. PAVP correlated significantly with Posmol in each subject (range of r, 0.75-0.99) and the mean regression lines [pregnancy, PAVP = 0.32 (Posmol; -279), r = 0.79; postpartum, PAVP = 0.38 (Posmol, -285), r = 0.86] demonstrated that the apparent osmotic threshold for AVP secretion was 6 mosmol/kg lower during than after gestation. Similarly the Posmol at which the subject experienced a conscious desire to drink was lower in pregnant (287 +/- 1.6 mosmol/kg) compared with postpartum subjects (298 +/- 2.0 mosmol/kg; P less than 0.001). These data demonstrate decreased osmotic thresholds for AVP release and thirst during human pregnancy and explain why gravidas can maintain their new lower Posmol within narrow limits.

Human Bile Proteins

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold J Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Tube Drainage ◽  
T Tube ◽  
Normal Gallbladder

Abstract A study of human bile by immunologic technics designed to identify proteins which are also found in serum shows that both albumin and gamma globulin are consistently present in both normal gallbladder bile and T-tube drainage bile. Also present in most specimens are several proteins of alpha and beta mobility sharing antigenic determinants with serum proteins.

scholarly journals Effect of Pregnancy on the Excretion of Sulphobromophthalein in Bile

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Shaw ◽  
T Heath
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Plasma Clearance ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Bile Flow Rate

A decreased plasma clearance of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) is often observed during the latter half of normal human pregnancy (Tindall and Beazley 1965). It also occurs during the ingestion of oral contraceptives (Roman and Hecker 1968) and after treatment with oestrogens at doses similar to those produced daily in late pregnancy (Kappas 1968). A reduction in bile flow has been described after oestrogen treatment in rats (Javitt and Harkavy 1969; Forker 1969; Kreek et al. 1967), but no attempts appear to have been made to associate changes in bile flow rate with alterations in BSP excretion.

Effect of human pregnancy on metabolic clearance rate of oxytocin

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (1) ◽  
pp. R21-R24
Author(s):  
S. Thornton ◽  
J. M. Davison ◽  
P. H. Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Aminopeptidase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of oxytocin (OT) was determined by use of constant infusion techniques to achieve low and high plasma OT concentrations in 10 women in late pregnancy and again 8-10 wk postpartum (mean plasma oxytocinase activity was 2.1 IU/ml plasma at term and less than 0.1 IU/ml plasma 8-10 wk postpartum). At the lower plasma OT concentrations (5.0 and 5.2 pg/ml, pregnant and postpartum, respectively) produced by infusion of 17.9 ng/min in pregnancy and 4.3 ng/min postpartum, mean MCR of OT was increased fourfold during pregnancy (5.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.3 +/- 0.1 l/min, pregnant and postpartum, respectively; P less than 0.001). At the higher plasma OT concentrations (8.0 and 8.0 pg/ml, pregnant and postpartum, respectively) produced by infusion of 35.7 ng/min in pregnancy and 8.5 ng/min postpartum, mean MCR of OT was likewise markedly increased during pregnancy compared with postpartum values (7.1 +/- 1.9 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 l/min, respectively; P less than 0.01). The MCR of OT was independent of plasma concentration (between 5 and 8 pg/ml) during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. It is concluded that the MCR of OT is increased markedly during human pregnancy. This may be due to concomitant increases in in vivo cystine aminopeptidase activity or other less specific pregnancy-associated metabolic changes.

Molecular Detection of Helicobacter Species and Other Bacteria in Human Bile Samples of Patients with Biliary Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid Vafaeimanesh ◽  
Masoud Alebouyeh ◽  
Mohammadreza Seyyedmajidi ◽  
Elahe Tajeddin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Biliary Diseases ◽  
Bile Samples

Influence of humoral and volume factors on altered osmoregulation of normal human pregnancy

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (4) ◽  
pp. F900-F907 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Davison ◽  
E. A. Shiells ◽  
P. R. Philips ◽  
M. D. Lindheimer
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Central Volume ◽  
In Pregnancy

These studies were designed to characterize mechanisms leading to decreased plasma osmolality (Posmol) and osmotic thresholds (T) for arginine vasopressin (AVP) release (TAVP) and thirst (Tthirst) in pregnancy. First, the influence of the pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), was tested in six nonpregnant women who received hypertonic saline during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle on two occasions (randomly allocated), once after 15,000 IU of hCG when Posmol, TAVP, and Tthirst decreased 6, 5, and 5 mosmol/kgH2O, respectively (P less than 0.01). In contrast, hCG pretreatment of males (n = 6) had no significant effect. Next, the role of decreased effective vascular volume (underfilling) was evaluated in seven women undergoing hypertonic saline infusion in the presence and absence of head-out water immersion (randomly allocated) during early and late pregnancy and postpartum. Posmol, TAVP, and Tthirst were not influenced by immersion and remained 10 mosmol/kgH2O lower in pregnancy (P less than 0.01). Central redistribution of intravascular volume consistently lowered hematocrit and rate of rise of PAVP per unit increment in Posmol (P less than 0.01). Although these data failed to support the hypothesis that the osmoregulatory change in human pregnancy is attributable to decrements in effective central volume (underfill), they do suggest that hCG may play a role.

scholarly journals Leptin receptor expression in fetal lung increases in late gestation in the baboon: a model for human pregnancy

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Henson ◽  
K F Swan ◽  
D E Edwards ◽  
G W Hoyle ◽  
J Purcell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Lung ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Human Pregnancy

Leptin produced by both adipose tissue and the placental trophoblast, has been proposed to regulate numerous aspects of human conceptus development. Although recent animal studies have suggested an additional role for the polypeptide in fetal lung maturation, no evidence has been reported in primates. Therefore, we employed the baboon (Papio sp.), a well-characterized primate model for human pregnancy, to determine the presence and ontogeny of leptin receptor in fetal lung with advancing gestation. Lungs were collected from fetal baboons, early in gestation (days 58–62, n = 4), at mid gestation (days 98–102, n = 4), and late in gestation (days 158–165, n = 4) (term 184 days). mRNA transcripts for leptin (LEP) and both long and short intracellular domain isoforms of the leptin receptor (LEP-RL and LEP-RS) were assessed by RT-PCR. leptin receptor protein was evaluated by immunoblotting and cell types expressing leptin receptor were identified in late pregnancy by immunohistochemistry. Fetal serum leptin concentrations, determined by RIA, remained relatively unchanged at 5.7 ± 1.1 ng/ml (mean ± s.e.m.) in mid pregnancy and 8.4 ± 3.0 ng/ml in late pregnancy (P > 0.05). Although leptin were detectable in fetal lung, no changes in transcript abundance were apparent with advancing gestation. However, transcripts for both LEP-RL and LEP-RS receptor isoforms increased several-fold (P < 0.05) in fetal lung between mid and late gestation, while leptin receptor protein was detectable only in late pregnancy. leptin receptor was localized in distal pulmonary epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes. In conclusion, leptin is present in the fetal baboon and its receptor is enhanced during late gestation in cells responsible for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant. Collectively, these and past findings may suggest a modulatory role for the polypeptide in pulmonary development and/or may identify leptin receptor as a physiological marker of primate fetal lung maturity.

scholarly journals Reduced Progesterone Metabolites in Human Late Pregnancy

2011 ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HILL ◽  
A. PAŘÍZEK ◽  
R. KANCHEVA ◽  
J. E. JIRÁSEK
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Hypoxic Stress ◽  
Complex Mechanism ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Progesterone Metabolites ◽  
Insight Into

In this review, we focused on the intersection between steroid metabolomics, obstetrics and steroid neurophysiology to give a comprehensive insight into the role of sex hormones and neuroactive steroids (NAS) in the mechanism controlling pregnancy sustaining. The data in the literature including our studies show that there is a complex mechanism providing synthesis of either pregnancy sustaining or parturition provoking steroids. This mechanism includes the boosting placental synthesis of CRH with approaching parturition inducing the excessive synthesis of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid sulfates serving primarily as precursors for placental synthesis of progestogens, estrogens and NAS. The distribution and changing activities of placental oxidoreductases are responsible for the activation or inactivation of the aforementioned steroids, which is compartment-specific (maternal and fetal compartments) and dependent on gestational age, with a tendency to shift the production from the pregnancy-sustaining steroids to the parturition provoking ones with an increasing gestational age. The fetal and maternal livers catabolize part of the bioactive steroids and also convert some precursors to bioactive steroids. Besides the progesterone, a variety of its 5α/β-reduced metabolites may significantly influence the maintenance of human pregnancy, provide protection against excitotoxicity following acute hypoxic stress, and might also affect the pain perception in mother and fetus.

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