scholarly journals “Why have I become a burden to you?” Disability and Holiness: A Reading of Job 7:20

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Yves-Marie Lequin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Book Of Job ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Definition Of

This article explores disability and holiness in light of the neutral theme of burden as it appears in the Book of Job. Job is afflicted by evil and is revolted by it; yet, he ends up accepting this mystery. Job’s example expands the definition of “holiness” to include one of its key elements: the gift of a word of freedom that can give rise to prophetic vulnerability.

Common Features of Sacrifice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Weddle
Keyword(s):  
Partial Identification ◽  
Ritual Performance ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Pascal’S Wager ◽  
Transcendent Reality ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter identifies elements that are common to sacrificial practices and events: signification of transcendence that requires discipline or denial of natural desires to point to what is beyond nature; suspense of offering without assurance of its intended outcome, illustrated in Pascal’s wager and Kierkegaard’s leap of faith; conditionality of the gift as a result of its qualifications, ritual performance, and contingent reciprocity of the sacred recipient; self-sacrifice through partial identification with what is offered (what Marcel Mauss called the “intermingling” of persons and things in sacrifice). This chapter offers a tentative definition of sacrifice as a costly act of self-giving, in denial of natural inclinations, that is offered in suspense, under conditions that threaten failure, for the purpose of establishing a relation with transcendent reality. This definition is developed in light of Kathryn McClymond’s proposal of “polythetic classification” of sacrifice.

Defining the gift

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Elder-Vass
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Modern

AbstractEconomics has tended to neglect giving, and thus both its important contemporary economic role and its potential contribution to alternative, non-market systems. To remedy this, it will need to draw on the broad debates on the nature of the gift that have developed in and across the other social sciences. This paper addresses several of these by asking how we should define the terms gift and giving. It rejects definitional associations of giving with obligation, reciprocity and the development of social relationships. Such definitions exclude many phenomena commonly understood as giving and underpin misguided attempts to analyse gifts in contemporary late-modern societies in terms derived from anthropological discussions of very different societies. Instead, the paper develops a definition of the gift based on contemporary giving institutions. A more open, contemporary definition of the gift helps to sensitise us to the continuing importance of gift institutions in social and economic life.

scholarly journals Fan film on the final frontier: Axanar Productions and the limits of fair use in the digital age

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Elizabeth Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Case History ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Participatory Culture ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
The Gift ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Media Fandom ◽  
Case Frames

In an analysis of the copyright case Paramount/CBS v. Axanar Productions Inc. and Alec Peters (2016), which centers on a high-budget Star Trek fan film, I consider how the case frames digital-age media fandom's challenges to the law, and concomitantly, how the case frames the law's challenges to media fandom. Even while legal action of this kind does not dampen participatory culture on the whole, it raises questions about the legal definition of a fan and the limits of fair use doctrine, and it delineates the changing relationships between media industries and fans. Paramount/CBS v. Axanar Productions reveals the tension between the gift-giving ethos of fandom and online crowdfunding as a type of gift; it also reveals the negative industrial and legal reactions to fan filmmaking and crowdfunding as threats to the way film has traditionally been constituted. I analyze Axanar's use of Kickstarter and Indiegogo campaigns, the introduction of Paramount/CBS's restrictive fan film guidelines, and finally, the rejected fair use argument proposed by the defense. I take up the rejected fair use argument by situating it alongside the case history of appropriation art in order to consider another way to argue for fan films as transformative works.

scholarly journals The Gift in Martin Luther’s Theology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Kristian Holm
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Justification By Faith ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Communicatio Idiomatum ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Renaissance

In analyzing the role of gift and giving in Martin Luther’s theology, one almost inevitably has to deal with the contrast between Marcel Mauss’s description of archaic gift economy, where gifts and exchange are interconnected and gift exchange a total social fact, and Derrida’s critique of Mauss for talking of anything else but the gift, since only a gift uncontaminated by exchange deserves the proper name “gift.” Accordingly, any reading of Luther relating Luther’s theology to the reciprocity of giving seems, from the outset, to grasp anything but the cornerstone of his theology: the justification by faith alone apart from works of the law. Nevertheless, scholars in the early 21st century have been discussing Luther as a theologian of the gift. Some defend a position according to which Luther’s theology can only be rightly understood by maintaining that the divine gift is free and pure. Others argue that Luther’s mature theology allows for an integration of some kind of exchange as a vital part of the very doctrine of justification. In both cases, social anthropological gift studies can function as a lens for highlighting the heart of Luther’s theology, either negatively by presenting the absolute opposite of Luther’s understanding of divine giving in justification and creation or positively by revealing the very heart of the same. The young Luther vehemently criticized a piety regulated by economic principles and understood divine righteousness in contrast to human principles for righteousness. However, he soon began integrating reciprocal aspects from the traditional definition of righteousness into his doctrine of justification. This was possible due to an emphasis on the divine self-giving, revealed in Christ and slowly elaborated to cover Luther’s understanding of the whole Trinity. In this move, Luther seemed to have been influenced by Roman popular philosophy, which was widespread in the late renaissance, but biblical passages emphasizing reciprocal justice also played an important role. Advocators for understanding Luther’s theology from the perspective of inter-human gift exchange will argue that Luther’s theology of the gift is intimately related to his use of the figure of communicatio idiomatum, which allows the giver to share his attributes with the receiver.

Dei Gratia

2017 ◽  
pp. 88-134
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Severs
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Protestant Work Ethic ◽  
Infinite Jest ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Protestant Work Ethic ◽  
Drug And Alcohol ◽  
Culturally Embedded

Wallace’s masterpiece is an encyclopedia of transactions, values, and methods of valuation, documenting its subtle engagements with the economically topical (NAFTA’s neoliberal definition of “free trade,” for instance) and the culturally embedded (ongoing perversions of the Protestant work ethic, which this chapter links to Wallace’s readings of Pynchon and Gaddis). Wallace leads us to see viewers of the title Entertainment – and their more thoroughly examined analogues, drug and alcohol addicts – as economic agents seeking a return of value that has been utterly compromised, resulting in conditions of slavery that Wallace interprets, as he did in Broom and “Westward,” through Hegel’s “Lordship and Bondage.” With these terms in place, I revisit AA scenes that have driven interpretations focused on sincerity and irony and show these moments’ structuring term to be value. Often noted for his generative exceptionality in Wallace’s cast of characters, Don Gately comes to his distinctiveness, I argue, through a relationship to work and to the uncannily rewritten coinage in which he receives “payment.” Building on Wallace’s annotations of Lewis Hyde’s The Gift as well as a cut passage on pennies’ “weird inverse value” that I draw from the Infinite Jest manuscripts, I link Gately’s initials to the abbreviation for Dei Gratia – “By the Grace of God” – found on British coins, thus recalibrating readings of the novel’s religiosity and Wallace’s relationship to contingent structures.

scholarly journals In the Provision of the gift for the Judge in the Issue of Bribery

2018 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dr Sayed Nsaralh Mahbooby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

This discussion has dealt with  two views in jurisprudential books. One aspect of the Makaseb and the other one is the view of judgment . In this essay, we have also reviewed the issues they include : First one is describing and explaining the definition of Bribes . Second , about the reasons why bribes are forbidden .   Third , about the sentence of gift on this topic.        In this section there is an investigation of  sentences of the gift to the Judge and based on sources of jurisprudence , Necessary reasoning is explained for gift sentence and Some narrations have been   quoted in this regard , they explained What is the difference between gift and bribe.

scholarly journals HISTÓRIA E TEOLOGIA DA INFALIBILIDADE DA IGREJA

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (128) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Bernard Sesboüé
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Vatican I ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Papal Infallibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
John Xxii ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

Faz-se o histórico da doutrina da infalibilidade da Igreja e, especialmente, do papa, diante da sensibilidade de hoje e diante da discrição do Vaticano II. Trata-se da verdade e da certeza da verdade na Igreja, que não pode errar. Distingue-se entre a indefectibilidade (da Igreja) e a infalibilidade, que implica a irreformabilidade da proposição. No primeiro milênio tinha-se consciência do dom da inerrância confiado à Igreja. Na Idade Média, acentua-se a plenitude do poder atribuída ao papa. O caso de João XXII e dos franciscanos espirituais, o problema do papa herege, o cisma ocidental e os concílios de Constança e de Basileia, a crise jansenista e o empenho de Fénelon levaram finalmente, no Vaticano I, à definição da infalibilidade papal. Esta, porém, não foi invocada com a frequência que se esperava. O Vaticano II ensina dentro da indefectibilidade da fé, sem definições irreformáveis.ABSTRACT: This article presents the history of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church, and especially of the Pope, in light of the today’s sensibility and of the discretion of Vatican II. It deals with the truth and certainty of truth in the Church, which cannot err. A distinction is made between the indefectibility (of the Church) and the infallibility, which implies a “non-reformability” of the proposition. In the first Millennium there was an awareness of the gift of inerrancy entrusted to the Church. In the Middle Ages, the fullness of power assigned to the Pope became accentuated. The case of John XXII and of the spiritual Franciscans, the problem of the heretical pope, the Western schism and the Councils of Constance and Basileia, the Jansenist crisis and the work of Fénelon led finally, in Vatican I, to the definition of papal infallibility. This, however, was not invoked as often as expected. Vatican II teaches within the indefectibility of faith, without unalterable definitions.

Jacques Derrida

Philosophy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Reynolds ◽  
Peter Gratton
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
English Language ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Helene Cixous ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Gift ◽  
French And English ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All

Jacques Derrida (b. 1930–d. 2004) was one of the most famous philosophers of the 20th century, and he has remained so since his death in 2004. Derrida’s work was described by Hélène Cixous as the greatest ethico-political warning of our time, and he was remarkably prolific. It is unlikely that anyone has read all of Derrida’s work, and there are around fifty books still to be published in both French and English from his lecture notes, which are almost all completed prose of philosophical subtlety (for more on this, see the Derrida Seminars Translation Project). He was especially indebted to philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Emmanuel Levinas, along with various literary figures (e.g., Mallarmé, Joyce, Celan, etc.), and he developed a manner of reading and engaging with texts and ideas that came to be known as “deconstruction,” which was infamous throughout the 1980s and 1990s, especially in Anglo-American countries, where Derrida was arguably most influential. Derrida deliberately resisted any simple definition of deconstruction, instead preferring pithy and enigmatic remarks such as “deconstruction is justice.” Nonetheless, deconstruction is standardly thought to involve a scholarly reading of texts according to traditional standards, while also attempting to reveal dimensions of the text that resist or problematize the overt argument. These points may occur in apparently marginal and peripheral places but still destabilize both the author’s stated intentions and the textual system in question. The singularity of each text, however, precludes deconstruction being a neutral “method” that might be taken up and robotically deployed upon any and all texts. Derrida’s later philosophy is less textually embedded, instead becoming increasingly concerned with ethico-political concepts, such as democracy, responsibility, justice, friendship, forgiveness, hospitality, and the gift. Here his concern was with an aporetic or paradoxical logic to these concepts and to the experience of them, which leaves them open and incomplete. Without doing the disservice of offering further such short and ultimately unsatisfactory summaries of Derrida’s immense corpus, this bibliography aims to introduce the reader to some of the most influential of Derrida’s own texts, as well as provide a means for navigating the vast secondary literature that is out there. With regard to Derrida’s own texts, it has not been possible to provide summaries of all of them. Instead, this bibliography highlights just some of the most significant of those texts in regard to a given area or theme with which Derrida was concerned, while also having annotated entries on some of the most significant secondary literature that is about Derrida’s work, even if it extends or transforms it. While this article is primarily focused on texts in the English language, also included are some of the most significant writings on Derrida in French.

scholarly journals The brain death definition and human organs transplantation in the light of the Catholic Church teaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Joanna Dudzińska ◽  
Beata Dobrowolska
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Ethical Judgment ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Moral Certainty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Catholic Church

AbstractAim. The aim of this paper is to present the teaching of the Catholic Church regarding the brain death and the human organ transplantation.Material and methodology. The analysis of the official documents of the Holy See as well as the teaching and speeches of popes was made.Results and Conclusions. The Catholic Church supports transplants from deceased persons and considers donating their organs after death for transplantation as the gift of the greatest love. However, it is not unconditional acceptance. The most important conditions are: the patient’s informed consent for organ donation and a precise statement of the death of the donor. The currently used definition of brain death has been declared by the Church not only as sufficient but also as definitive criterion of the death of a man. In Christian ethics, this criterion allows an ethical judgment, which is called as moral certainty and provides the basis for an ethically proper action. It is also stressed that the donation of organs for transplantation must be altruistic. It is unacceptable to expect and to receive any payment for such an act.

scholarly journals Wiara jako akt poznawczy. Analiza "Quaestiones" Ambrozjastra

Vox Patrum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 387-397
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Babiarz
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Absolute Certainty ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Will ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity

Ambrosiaster uses two forms for the definition of the concept of faith. The first one – in the sense of a noun: fides; the second one – from the perspective of the knowing subject: credere. Abraham’s act of faith, whose object is God, is shown as a cognitive model. The acceptance of God’s authority leads to recogniz­ing in Christ the Son of God. Believers receive in Baptism the gift the Holy Spirit and knowing the will of God. By participating in the fullness of His life, they are given access to the Eucharist. Knowability is one of God’s characteristics. Accepting this fact and submit­ting oneself to God’s guidance results in knowing the Trinity. Christ’s confidence in the Father is the basic principle of knowing through faith, and this translates into absolute certainty of the truthfulness of the conclusions. It is a duty of believ­ers to explore the truth. The Gospel, interpreted by the authority of the Church, remains the main source of revelation. The intensity of cognition influences the entirety of one’s life, manifests itself in the acceptance of all the truths of the faith and in creating harmony between faith and the virtues of love and hope.

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