Context Dependent Pitch Perception in Consonant and Dissonant Harmonic Intervals

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Seror ◽  
W. Trammell Neill
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Single Probe ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Target Experiment ◽  
Context Dependent

Two experiments examined whether discrimination of component pitches in a harmonic interval is affected by the consonance or dissonance of the interval. A single probe pitch (B or C) was followed by a two note harmonic interval including that pitch (e.g., C then C-F# or C-G) or not including it (e.g., C then B-F# or B-G). On each trial, subjects indicated by key press whether the probe note was repeated in the following interval. The target note in the interval either matched the probe or differed by one semitone (B or C). The other note produced a consonant (e.g., perfect fifth) or dissonant (e.g., tritone) context for the target. Pitch discrimination was faster and more accurate in consonant intervals than dissonant, when the context note was higher than the target (Experiment 1), but there was no effect of consonance when the target was higher (Experiment 2). We conclude that the perception of the lower but not the upper pitch in a two note harmonic interval is affected by the interval’s consonance or dissonance. We discuss the results in terms of the theoretical framework of processing fluency and aesthetics proposed by Winkielman, Schwarz, Fazendeiro, and Reber (2003).

Dynamic Pitch Perception for Complex Tones of Periodic Spectral Patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Hiroyuki Minami ◽  
Takashi Tsumura ◽  
Hiroshi Kunisaki ◽  
Shigeki Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Logarithmic Frequency ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Spectral Patterns ◽  
Pitch Movement

Pitch circularity as found in Shepard tones was examined by using complex tones that had various degrees of exactness in their spectral periodicities on the logarithmic frequency dimension. This dimension was divided into periods of 1400 cents by tone components, and each period was subdivided into two parts of a fixed ratio of 700:700, 600:800, 550:850, 500:900, 450:950, 400:1000, or 0:1400. Subjects made paired comparison judgments for pitch. When the subdividing ratio was 0: 1400 or 400:1000, the subjects responded to the spectral periodicity of 1400 cents, and, when the ratio was 700:700 or 600:800, they responded to the periodicity of 700 cents. Some seemingly intermediate cases between these two extremes or some qualitatively different cases were obtained in the other conditions. As we have asserted before, the human ear appears to detect a global pitch movement when some tone components move in the same direction by similar degrees on the logarithmic frequency dimension.

scholarly journals Biases Associated with Four Stream Substrate Samplers

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1882-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Young ◽  
Wayne A. Hubert ◽  
Thomas A. Wesche
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Mean Particle Size ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Freeze Core ◽  
Single Probe ◽  
Core Sampler ◽  
Stream Substrate

We compared samples collected from 10 substrates of various compositions with a single-probe freeze-core sampler, a triple-probe freeze-core sampler, a McNeil sampler, and a shovel. The accuracy with which these devices sampled particles larger than 50 mm in diameter varied; they were oversampled by the freeze-core devices, sampled in proportion to their availability by a shovel, and sampled inconsistently by the McNeil sampler. The geometric mean particle size and variance of single-probe freeze-core samples consistently exceeded those of samples collected with the other devices. Most sample means also exceeded the test substrate means. By excluding the proportions of particles larger than 50 mm in diameter in our analyses, we found that proportions of several particles sizes in samples collected by different methods differed significantly from the actual proportions in test substrates. There were few differences between the single- and triple-probe freeze-core samples or between McNeil and shovel samples. All four samplers were biased, but the McNeil sampler most frequently produced samples that approximated the true substrate composition.

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies and Maxims in English for Islamic texts: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Quran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Gittan Jewad ◽  
Zargham Ghabanchi ◽  
Mohammad Ghazanfari
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Holy Quran

This research tackles two chapters from the Holy Quran, the sura of Prophet Yusuf, and the sura of the Cave (al-Kahf) to find out whether the theories of Leech (1983) and Brown and Levinson (1987) can be applied to find out the positive and negative politeness strategies and the politeness maxims. The Leech’s model (1983) consists of six maxims, and for Brown and Levinson (1987), consists of two major politeness strategies. It consists of two principles of politeness, where one of them is positive, and the other is negative politeness. This study aims at investigating politeness strategies, and politeness principle linguistically in two Suras from the Holy Quran, how politeness strategies and politeness maxims used within the Holy Quran. This study tries to investigate the image of the main characters in the most sacred book. A qualitative approach is employed to provide interpretations of selected verses. In this paper, we will discuss the politeness strategies, positive and negative politeness strategies, and politeness maxims. The study falls into two parts. It begins briefly to overview the theoretical framework underlying politeness, in particular discussing some definitions of politeness and politeness principle and its maxims, exploring the face theory and its strategies by Brown and Levinson, and how far these strategies affect polite style then, dealing with politeness maxims by Leech. The other part displays a practical application of what has presented theoretically. Also, the researcher examined the politeness strategies, and politeness maxims of two Suras (Yusuf and Al-Kahf). Moreover, the study observed that approximately the majority of negative politeness in two suras then positive politeness, and the last one is politeness maxims.

scholarly journals Meta-analytic evidence for the non-modularity of pitch processing in congenital amusia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique T Vuvan ◽  
Marília Nunes-Silva ◽  
Isabelle Peretz
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pitch Perception ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Congenital Amusia ◽  
Musical Pitch ◽  
Using Data

A major theme driving research in congenital amusia is related to the modularity of this musical disorder, with two possible sources of the amusic pitch perception deficit. The first possibility is that the amusic deficit is due to a broad disorder of acoustic pitch processing that has the effect of disrupting downstream musical pitch processing, and the second is that amusia is specific to a musical pitch processing module. To interrogate these hypotheses, we performed a meta-analysis on two types of effect sizes contained within 42 studies in the amusia literature: the performance gap between amusics and controls on tasks of pitch discrimination, broadly defined, and the correlation between specifically acoustic pitch perception and musical pitch perception. To augment the correlation database, we also calculated this correlation using data from 106 participants tested by our own research group. We found strong evidence for the acoustic account of amusia. The magnitude of the performance gap was moderated by the size of pitch change, but not by whether the stimuli were composed of tones or speech. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between an individual's acoustic and musical pitch perception. However, individual cases show a double dissociation between acoustic and musical processing, which suggests that although most amusic cases are probably explainable by an acoustic deficit, there is heterogeneity within the disorder. Finally, we found that tonal language fluency does not influence the performance gap between amusics and controls, and that there was no evidence that amusics fare worse with pitch direction tasks than pitch discrimination tasks. These results constitute a quantitative review of the current literature of congenital amusia, and suggest several new directions for research, including the experimental induction of amusic behaviour through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the systematic exploration of the developmental trajectory of this disorder.

scholarly journals Transnational Spaces of Identity Recognition in Jhumpa Lahiri’s "Interpreter of Maladies"

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Jesús Escobar Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Third Space ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
Literature Discussion ◽  
Identity Recognition ◽  
Introductory Note

The object of this study is to explore the relation between identity and space in Jhumpa Lahiri’s collection of short stories Interpreter of Maladies (1999). I will gauge how subjects adjust to their environments and to which means they resort to conserve, negate meaning. It appears that through the perusal of border consciousness subjects negotiate their identities, which leads them to understand the Other and, by extension, themselves. In fact, as the sense of belonging operates on the multi-layered and deterritorialised location of home, I will thus illustrate that whilst some subjects are hindered by forces of dislocation, cultural hybridity, others reassert a sense of transnational belonging in a third space. I shall include an introductory note on the theoretical framework and a section on food adding to the more detailed literature discussion of identity negotiation at stake.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Frequency on the Compression Process in Old and New Persian Dialogues in the Bybee Phonological Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1576-1599
Author(s):  
Razieh Kashefi Khishan ◽  
Maryam Iraji
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
View Point ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Analytical Analysis ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Conceptual Connection ◽  
Basic Entity ◽  
Library Method

The purpose of this research is an analytical analysis of the compression process (including deletion and merging) in old cinematic films compared to new cinematic films in Persian language. The old cinematic films selected for this study include two films, "Kaiser" and "Treasure of the Qaroon," and new cinematic films that examine two films," Life+1 Day "and “Lottery.” The theoretical framework has been used in Cognitive Phonology, Bybee (1999). The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, and data collection is in library method. All the data has been pulled out from the dialouge of films, which been examined the compression process in the old and new films separately. In this research, we first examine the Utterance and discourse of the intended films in detail. At the end of the work, the elements of the Persian language are analyzed. The results indicate that the compression process in Persian language films has been araised, and in cases where more compressions have been done, their frequency has been higher. That is, in " Life+1 Day and “Lottery’s film, there are more compression processes than "Kaiser" and Treasure of the Qaroon’s film. The fact that the two categories of nouns and verbs are part of the basic entity of a phrase, such that if these categories are frequent then they are compressed or eliminated. On the other hand, the presence of an adjective, adverb, or letter to describe the replacement of noun or verb in the conceptual connection, which is sufficient to represent them, and this will support with Bybee's view point. So the compression, deleting or merging processes in data has shown less frequently.

scholarly journals THE SEMIOTICS OF BATAK TOBA SOCIETY MARRIAGE TRADITION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pininta Veronika Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Marriage Ceremony ◽  
The World ◽  
Triadic Relation

Marriage is one of the culture universals being that it is contracted in every society of the world, but its mode of contract varies from one society to the other. Marriage is one of life’s major passages, one of the most profound rites of passage that a person or a couple can experience. In many cultures, marriage is generally made known to the public through marriage ceremony. This paper unravels the semiotics of a marriage tradition in Batak Toba Society. Batak Toba is one of the ethnic groups of Batak society, which is still doing wedding tradition as one of its cultural activities. The theoretical framework applied is the conception of signs by Charles Sanders Peirce. According to Peirce, ‘meaning’ is a triadic relation between a sign, an object, and an interpretant. There are three types of signs: icon, index and symbol. This work will reveal the meaning of icons, indexes and symbols in the marriage tradition.

Intercultural Tensions and Creativity in Music

2012 ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Saether ◽  
Alagi Mbye ◽  
Reza Shayesteh
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Course Development ◽  
Music Teacher Education ◽  
Music School

This article examines the role of creativity in the Iranian-Swedish association music school in Malmö and Maali's Music School in Gambia. Section 1 outlines the theoretical framework which combines Vygotsky's theories of creativity with current discussions in ethnomusicology on the value and nature of cultural meetings. Section 2 presents an overview of how the concept of the Other has been used in the present study, in seeking insights from the epistemology of non-Western cultures. Section 3 describes how creativity is conceived and practised in the Gambian and Persian/Swedish examples. Section 4 describes the approach used in course development for music teacher education, while Section 5 presents a summary of key principles and approaches.

The Incomplete Circle: Dialectics of Social Structure and Theological Conviction for Greater Unification in the DRC Family (1994–2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Johannes Grove
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Cornel West ◽  
Dutch Reformed Church

This essay proposes that despite an ingrained awareness in the Uniting Reformed Church and the other members of the Dutch Reformed Church family that church division was born from socio-political and theological factors, the orientation of all parties to the unification process was to prioritise the theological conviction side and downplay the socio-political, allowing it to function surreptitiously and essentially undermining the possibilities for greater progress. This essay will highlight the discourse of church assemblies indicating the trends and arguments relating to unification. It will secondly draw on the reflections of the Afro-American philosopher Cornel West to cast light on the tasks of any church unification process that strive to enhance both reconciliation and transformation. In the light of the theoretical framework of West, it will proceed to posit certain tasks that the unification process must address in order to make any sustained progress.  

The Influence of Biased Tax Research Memoranda on Supervisors' Initial Judgments in the Review Process

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Barrick ◽  
C. Bryan Cloyd ◽  
Brian C. Spilker
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tax Professionals ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
Client Advocacy ◽  
Tax Research ◽  
Staff Level

This study experimentally investigates the effects of confirmation bias underlying staff-level tax research on supervisors' initial assessments and recommendations made during the review process for tax research memoranda. The theoretical framework underlying our hypotheses posits that tax professionals strive to make recommendations that meet both accuracy and advocacy objectives. Participants in our study addressed a client scenario in which both objectives could not be met because the client-preferred position did not have a “realistic possibility” of being successfully defended on its merits. In this context, we find that supervisors are more persuaded by an unbiased memo correctly concluding that the client-preferred position is not appropriate than by a biased memo reaching the same conclusion. This result suggests that when tax research memoranda are not consistent with the client advocacy objective, professionals are more persuaded by memoranda that fulfill their accuracy objective. On the other hand, we also find that supervisors are more persuaded by a biased memo incorrectly concluding in favor of the client's preferred position than by a biased memo correctly concluding that the client-preferred position is inappropriate. This result suggests that, when neither memorandum meets the accuracy objective, supervisors are more persuaded by memoranda that offer encouragement that their advocacy objective might be met than by those that do not. Finally, results also indicate that supervisors act to correct confirmation bias by requesting more rework of staff who prepare biased memos than of staff who prepare unbiased memos.

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