Basic Phenomenal Objects, or How a Multitude of Fundamental Particles Can Be Reduced to Just One Single Basic Entity

This paper introduces a novel unification model, basic phenomenal objects (BPO), which attempts to challenge the standard model. The claim is that BPO performs well on all five major scientific virtues (i.e. simplicity, universality, consistency, empirical accuracy, fertility). Namely, for a universal theory, BPO is very simple, as it only requires one type of basic entity – the basic phenomenal object – possessing only three attributes (basic velocity, basic mutuality, basic inertia), of which the behavior is guided by only two laws (interaction law, asymmetry law). Moreover, these foundations of BPO are also consistent with important theories, such as crucial parts of general relativity and QM, can derive important empirical results (e.g. the gyro-magnetic ratio of particles), provide novel explanations (e.g. the structure of anti-matter), and state novel predictions (e.g. an upper boundary to the energy of a stable neutrino).

Study of the Effects of Frequency on the Compression Process in Old and New Persian Dialogues in the Bybee Phonological Framework

The purpose of this research is an analytical analysis of the compression process (including deletion and merging) in old cinematic films compared to new cinematic films in Persian language. The old cinematic films selected for this study include two films, "Kaiser" and "Treasure of the Qaroon," and new cinematic films that examine two films," Life+1 Day "and “Lottery.” The theoretical framework has been used in Cognitive Phonology, Bybee (1999). The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, and data collection is in library method. All the data has been pulled out from the dialouge of films, which been examined the compression process in the old and new films separately. In this research, we first examine the Utterance and discourse of the intended films in detail. At the end of the work, the elements of the Persian language are analyzed. The results indicate that the compression process in Persian language films has been araised, and in cases where more compressions have been done, their frequency has been higher. That is, in " Life+1 Day and “Lottery’s film, there are more compression processes than "Kaiser" and Treasure of the Qaroon’s film. The fact that the two categories of nouns and verbs are part of the basic entity of a phrase, such that if these categories are frequent then they are compressed or eliminated. On the other hand, the presence of an adjective, adverb, or letter to describe the replacement of noun or verb in the conceptual connection, which is sufficient to represent them, and this will support with Bybee's view point. So the compression, deleting or merging processes in data has shown less frequently.

Archē

Archē, or ‘principle’, is an ancient Greek philosophical term. Building on earlier uses, Aristotle established it as a technical term with a number of related meanings, including ‘originating source’, ‘cause’, ‘principle of knowledge’ and ‘basic entity’. Accordingly, it acquired importance in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of science, and also in the particular sciences. According to Aristotle’s doctrine of scientific principles, all sciences and all scientific knowledge are founded on principles (archai) of a limited number of determinate kinds.

Entity Authentication

This chapter considers mechanisms for providing entity authentication. We begin with a discussion on randomness and why it is important in cryptography. We compare several different techniques for generating randomness. We then consider the related issue of freshness and why it is important for entity authentication. We compare several different techniques for providing freshness. We then identify various different categories of identification information which can be used in an entity authentication mechanism. We look at the role cryptography plays in supporting basic entity authentication mechanisms such as passwords. We close by examining how cryptography can be used to provide more sophisticated forms of entity authentication through the use of dynamic passwords.

Samorządność gminna i jej gwarancje w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i w kraju związkowym Brandenburgia

Communal self-governance and its guaranties in the Republic of Poland and in the Brandenburg LandThe subject of this article is the commune in the Republic of Poland and in the Brandenburg Land. A commune is a part of public administration which is based on decentralization. The legal construction of this basic entity of local government was created in view of its self-governance. The main methodology used in this work is based on the textual analysis of legal acts. The aim of the following work is to explain the conceptual meaning of communal self-governance in the aforementioned states and to analyze the comparability range of its concept. In the Brandenburg Land the concept of communal self-governance is built on the basis of self-governance guaranties. These guaranties are analyzed in detail. While in the Brandenburg Land the catalogue of these guaranties is well-known and acceptable, in the Republic of Poland it is still unclear. In order to arrange this issue, a comparable classification of self-governance guaranties in the Republic of Poland was proposed.

On the Regulus Associated With the General Displacement of a Line and Its Application in Determining Displacement Screws

In the two position theory of finite kinematics, we are concerned with not only the displacement of a rigid body, but also with the displacement of a certain element of the body. This paper deals with the displacement of a line and unveils the regulus that corresponds to such a displacement. The regulus is then used as a basic entity to determine the displacements of a rigid body from line specifications. Residing on a special hyperbolic paraboloid, the regulus is obtained by the intersection of three linear line complexes corresponding to a specific set of basis screws of a three-system. When determining the displacements of a rigid body from line specifications, a displacement screw is obtained by fitting a linear line complex to two or more line reguli. When two exact pairs of homologous lines are specified, we obtain a unique linear line complex, which determines the corresponding displacement screw. When more than two pairs of homologous lines with measurement errors are specified, it becomes a redundantly specified problem, and a linear line complex that has the best fit to more than two reguli is determined.

Should names reflect the evolution of bacterial species?

Systematics is the process of characterizing and arranging bacterial diversity in an orderly manner, recognizing groups of similar organisms in a hierarchical scheme whose basic entity is the species. To allow the exchange of scientific knowledge, taxa have to be named. Taxa are not static entities since they are subject to evolution, the direction of which can be inferred by using a wide range of techniques targeting specific traits. However, it is not clear how this dynamism should be reflected in taxonomic nomenclature. In the present report, several considerations are presented that deal with the relationship between the evolution of taxa and their nomenclature; an example is given which concerns the nomenclature of the species Lactobacillus delbrueckii.