scholarly journals Memory for Dynamic Events When Event Boundaries Are Accentuated With Emotional Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J. Peterson ◽  
Jennica S. Rogers ◽  
Heather R. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Event Information ◽  
Continuous Activities

Event boundaries are important moments throughout an ongoing activity that influence perception and memory. They allow people to parse continuous activities into meaningful events, encode the temporal sequence of events and bind event information together in episodic memory (DuBrow & Davachi, 2013). Thus, drawing attention to event boundaries may facilitate these important perceptual and encoding processes. In the current study, we used emotionally arousing stimuli to guide attention to event boundaries because this type of stimulus has been shown to influence perception and attention. We evaluated whether accentuating event boundaries with commercials improves memory and whether emotional stimuli further enhance this effect. A total of 97 participants watched a television episode in which we manipulated commercial break locations (boundary, non-boundary, no commercial) and the type of commercial (emotional, neutral) and then completed memory tasks. Overall, placing emotionally arousing commercials at event boundaries increased memory for the temporal order of events, but no other effects of accentuating event boundaries were observed. Thus, drawing attention to event boundaries—via emotionally charged commercials—increases the likelihood that people will perceive the change in events, update their mental model accordingly and better integrate temporal information from the just-encoded event.

scholarly journals Human hippocampal neurons track moments in a sequence of events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Reddy ◽  
Benedikt Zoefel ◽  
Jessy K. Possel ◽  
Judith C. Peters ◽  
Doris Dijksterhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Firing Activity ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Representation Of Time

AbstractAn indispensable feature of episodic memory is our ability to temporally piece together different elements of an experience into a coherent memory. Hippocampal “time cells” – neurons that represent temporal information – may play a critical role in this process. While these cells have been repeatedly found in rodents, it is still unclear to what extent similar temporal selectivity exists in the human hippocampus. Here we show that temporal context modulates the firing activity of human hippocampal neurons during structured temporal experiences. We recorded neuronal activity in the human brain while patients learned predictable sequences of pictures. We report that human time cells fire at successive moments in this task. Furthermore, time cells also signaled inherently changing temporal contexts during empty 10-second gap periods between trials, while participants waited for the task to resume. Finally, population activity allowed for decoding temporal epoch identity, both during sequence learning and during the gap periods. These findings suggest that human hippocampal neurons could play an essential role in temporally organizing distinct moments of an experience in episodic memory.Significance StatementEpisodic memory refers to our ability to remember the “what, where, and when” of a past experience. Representing time is an important component of this form of memory. Here, we show that neurons in the human hippocampus represent temporal information. This temporal signature was observed both when participants were actively engaged in a memory task, as well as during 10s-long gaps when they were asked to wait before performing the task. Furthermore, the activity of the population of hippocampal cells allowed for decoding one temporal epoch from another. These results suggest a robust representation of time in the human hippocampus.

Visual Simultaneity Judgments Activate a Bilateral Frontoparietal Timing System

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Hanayik ◽  
Grigori Yourganov ◽  
Roger Newman-Norlund ◽  
Makayla Gibson ◽  
Chris Rorden
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Sequence Of Events

In everyday life, we often make judgments regarding the sequence of events, for example, deciding whether a baseball runner's foot hit the plate before or after the ball hit the glove. Numerous studies have examined the functional correlates of temporal processing using variations of the temporal order judgment and simultaneity judgment (SJ) tasks. To perform temporal order judgment tasks, observers must bind temporal information with identity and/or spatial information relevant to the task itself. SJs, on the other hand, require observers to detect stimulus asynchrony but not the order of stimulus presentation and represent a purer measure of temporal processing. Some previous studies suggest that these temporal decisions rely primarily on right-hemisphere parietal structures, whereas others provide evidence that temporal perception depends on bilateral TPJ or inferior frontal regions (inferior frontal gyrus). Here, we report brain activity elicited by a visual SJ task. Our methods are unique given our use of two orthogonal control conditions, discrimination of spatial orientation and color, which were used to control for brain activation associated with the classic dorsal (“where/how”) and ventral (“what”) visual pathways. Our neuroimaging experiment shows that performing the SJ task selectively activated a bilateral network in the parietal (TPJ) and frontal (inferior frontal gyrus) cortices. We argue that SJ tasks are a purer measure of temporal perception because they do not require observers to process either identity or spatial information, both of which may activate separate cognitive networks.

Causal Beliefs and Perception of Temporal Order: The ‘Reordering Effect’

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-161
Author(s):  
Teresa Pedro
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Causal Beliefs ◽  
Causal Assumptions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Causal Cognition ◽  
Temporal Illusions

Empirical research on the relationship between temporality and causation is mostly dominated by the question of how temporal information constrains causal cognition. However, Bechlivanidis and Lagnado (2013, Psychol. Sci., 24, 1563–1572; 2016, Cognition, 146, 58–66) recently claimed to have discovered the ‘reordering effect’, in which causal beliefs have an influence on perception of temporal order. This paper argues for an attentional interpretation of this effect and suggests a solution to the circularity that arises from the mutual constraint between causal assumptions and perception of temporal order. Finally, it is shown how the reordering effect may challenge certain philosophical accounts of temporal illusions.

scholarly journals Temporal processing of past and future autobiographical events in patients with schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hédi Ben Malek ◽  
Arnaud D’Argembeau ◽  
Mélissa C. Allé ◽  
Nicolas Meyer ◽  
Jean-Marie Danion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
Event Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Times

Abstract People with schizophrenia experience difficulties in remembering their past and envisioning their future. However, while alterations of event representation are well documented, little is known about how personal events are located and ordered in time. Using a think-aloud procedure, we investigated which strategies are used to determine the times of past and future events in 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 control participants. We found that the direct access to temporal information of important events was preserved in patients with schizophrenia. However, when events were not directly located in time, patients less frequently used a combination of strategies and partly relied on different strategies to reconstruct or infer the times of past and future events. In particular, they used temporal landmark events and contextual details (e.g., about places, persons, or weather conditions) less frequently than controls to locate events in time. Furthermore, patients made more errors when they were asked to determine the temporal order of the past and future events that had been previously dated. Together, these findings shed new light on the mechanisms involved in locating and ordering personal events in past and future times and their alteration in schizophrenia.

Glucose administration enhances fMRI brain activation and connectivity related to episodic memory encoding for neutral and emotional stimuli

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1052-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marise B. Parent ◽  
Desiree L. Krebs-Kraft ◽  
John P. Ryan ◽  
Jennifer S. Wilson ◽  
Carla Harenski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Glucose Administration

Temporal and causal order effects in thinking about what might have been

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1295-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Segura ◽  
Pablo Fernandez-Berrocal ◽  
Ruth M. J. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
Recent Event ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Causal Sequence

When people think counterfactually about what might have been different for a sequence of events, they are influenced by the order in which the events occurred. They tend to mentally undo the most recent event in a temporal sequence of two events. But they tend to mentally undo the first event in a causal sequence of four events. We report the results of two experiments that show that the temporal and causal order effects are not dependent on the number of events in the sequence. Our first experiment, with 300 participants, shows that the temporal order effect occurs for sequences with four events as well as for sequences with two events. Our second experiment, with 372 participants, shows that the causal order effect occurs for sequences with two events as well as for sequences with four events. We discuss the results in terms of the mental representations that people construct of temporal and causal sequences.

A new approach for modeling episodic memory from rodents to humans: The temporal order memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 215 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Fouquet ◽  
Christine Tobin ◽  
Laure Rondi-Reig
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Temporal Order Memory

scholarly journals Behavioral evidence for memory replay of video episodes in macaque monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuzhen Zuo ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Junghan Shin ◽  
Yudian Cai ◽  
Sang Wan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Temporal Order Judgement ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Past Experiences

ABSTRACTHumans recall the past by replaying fragments of events temporally. Here, we demonstrate a similar effect in macaques. We trained six rhesus monkeys with a temporal-order judgement (TOJ) task and collected 5000 TOJ trials. In each trial, they watched a naturalistic video of about 10 s comprising two across-context clips, and after a 2-s delay, performed TOJ between two frames from the video. The monkeys apply a non-linear forward, time-compressed replay mechanism during the temporal-order judgement. In contrast with humans, such compression of replay is however not sophisticated enough to allow them to skip over irrelevant information by compressing the encoded video globally. We also reveal that the monkeys detect event contextual boundaries and such detection facilitates recall by an increased rate of information accumulation. Demonstration of a time-compressed, forward replay like pattern in the macaque monkeys provides insights into the evolution of episodic memory in our lineage.Impact StatementMacaque monkeys temporally compress past experiences and use a forward-replay mechanism during judgment of temporal-order between episodes.

Behavioral Distraction by Auditory Deviance Is Mediated by the Sound’s Informational Value *Li and Parmentier share the first authorship of this study.

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biqin Li ◽  
Fabrice B.R. Parmentier ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Information ◽  
Target Information ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
Event Information ◽  
Information Event ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
First Time ◽  
Auditory Oddball Task ◽  
Auditory Distractors

Sounds deviating from an otherwise repetitive background in some task-irrelevant respect (deviant sounds among standard sounds) capture attention in an obligatory fashion and result in behavioral distraction in an ongoing task. Traditionally, such distraction has been considered as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sound’s low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard. Recent evidence from a cross-modal oddball task challenged this idea by showing that deviant sounds only yield distraction in a visual task when auditory distractors (standards and deviants) announce with certainty the imminent presentation of a target stimulus (event information), regardless of whether they predict the target’s temporal onset (temporal information). The present study sought to test for the first time whether this finding may be generalized to a purely auditory oddball task in which distractor and target information form part of the same perceptual stimulus. Participants were asked to judge whether a sound starting from a central location moved left or right while ignoring rare and unpredictable changes in the sound’s identity. By manipulating the temporal and probabilistic relationship between sound onset and movement onset, we disentangled the roles of event and temporal information and found that, as in the auditory-visual oddball task, deviance distraction is mediated by the extent to which distractor information harbingers the presentation of the target information (event information). This finding suggests that the provision of event information by auditory distractors is a fundamental prerequisite of behavioral deviance distraction.

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