Physical Factors in Cord-to-Rubber Adhesion by a New Tire Cord Adhesion Test

2009 ◽  
pp. 153-153-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Fielding-Russell ◽  
DW Nicholson ◽  
DI Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Physical Factors ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Adhesion Test

Factors Affecting Cord-to-Rubber Adhesion by a Tire Cord Adhesion Test

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Fielding-Russell ◽  
D. I. Livingston ◽  
D. W. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Peel Test ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Cross Sectional Dimension

Abstract The physical factors affecting the force required to pull a cord from the cord-rubber specimen used in a new tire cord adhesion test (TCAT) were investigated using a variety of rubber compounds, specimen cross-sectional areas, and tire cords. Below a limiting cross-sectional dimension, the cord pull-out force was proportional to the square root of cord perimeter, specimen cross-sectional area, and Young's modulus of the rubber, as anticipated from theoretical considerations. The constant of proportionality involved the square root of the energy of adhesion. The value of the energy of adhesion calculated from the proportionality constant was confirmed by an independent peel test.

A New Tire Cord Adhesion Test

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Nicholson ◽  
D. I. Livingston ◽  
G. S. Fielding-Russell
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Rubber Hose ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Cohesive Failure ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Pull Through

Abstract A new tire cord adhesion test is reported. Although developed primarily for measuring adhesion of rubber to tire cord, the test is applicable to any cord- or wire-reinforced composite, for example, rubber hose or belting. The specimen is a rubber bar of square cross section containing two partially embedded cord ends opposite each other. Upon the application of sufficient tensile force to the cords, failure is initiated at the tip of the embedded end and proceeds along the cord to the exterior, resulting in pull-out of one of the ends. This result contrasts with the initiation of failure in a specimen of the pull-through type containing a throughgoing cord. In the latter specimen, failure initiates where the cord emerges from the rubber and runs back into the interior. Failure is adhesive when pull-out occurs. Under special conditions cohesive failure (tear) occurs and the specimen is cleaved transversely. Reproducibility is excellent and the test has high discriminating power. A theoretical equation permits calculation of the energy of adhesion.

A Note on a New Tire Cord Adhesion Test

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Nicholson ◽  
D. I. Livingston ◽  
G. S. Fielding-Russell ◽  
A. N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Test Piece ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Adhesive Failure ◽  
Adhesion Test

Abstract A new tire cord adhesion test is described. The test piece contains two opposite, symmetrically embedded cord ends that are pulled during testing. Failure is initiated at the cord ends and propagates as an adhesive failure until one cord becomes detached. Representative experimental results are given.

A Steel Tire Cord Oscillatory Shear Dynamic Adhesion Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Vorachek ◽  
A.G. Causa ◽  
R.A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Oscillatory Shear ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Adhesion Test

PENGARUH RADIO DAN TELEVISI TERHADAP PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENJAGAAN LINGKUNGAN DAN ALAM SEKITAR BAGI TERWUJUDNYA PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Ratu Mutialela Caropeboka
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Development Communication ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Television Broadcasting ◽  
Major Process

The environment is also called the natural environment is a phenomenon that forms around life rather than humans, either biotic or abiotic. The surrounding phenomenon that affects people is not limited to physical factors solely, on the contrary social factors play an important role to explain how human activity can affect the environment and the natural surroundings. The essence and falsafa of development is a change, growth and equity in all fields and dimensions to a better state. Development communication is part of a major process that requires social, economic, political and cultural change in line with the requirements of the local community. The simultaneous formulation of information dissemination carried out by radio, is no longer the only option of society, because the community has designed and determined what information they need. Television broadcasting has an influence on patterns of public action to model, imitate information gained through impressions. Community participation in safeguarding the environment to achieve harmonious and balanced development is the driving and driving force for social change to achieve sustainable development. Lingkungan disebut juga alam sekitar adalah fenomena yang wujud di sekeliling kehidupan daripada manusia,baik biotik ataupun abiotik. Fenomena sekeliling yang mempengaruhi manusia tidak terbatas kepada faktor fisikal semata-mata, sebaliknya faktor sosial turut berperanan penting bagi menerangkan bagaimana aktivitas manusia dapat mempengaruhi lingkungan dan alam sekitar. Hakikat dan Falasafah pembangunan ialah suatu perubahan, pertumbuhan dan pemerataan dalam segala bidang dan dimensinya menuju keadaan yang lebih baik. Komunikasi pembangunan merupakan bahagian dari proses besar yang menghendaki adanya perubahan sosial, ekonomi, politik dan budaya yang sejalan dengan persyaratan keperluan masyarakat lokal. Formula keserentakan penyebaran informasi yang dilakukan melalui radio, tidak lagi menjadi satu-satunya pilihan masyarakat, karena masyarakatlah telah merancang dan menentukan informasi apa yang mereka perlukan. Siaran televisi mempunyai pengaruh pada pola tindakan masyarakat untuk mencontoh, meniru informasi yang didapat melalui tayangan. Partisipasi masyarakat menjaga lingkungan untuk mewujudkan pembangunan yang serasi dan seimbang adalah penggerak dan pengarah bagi perubahan sosial untuk mewujudkan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan

Influence of physical factors and cultures of microorganisms on segmented polyurethane’s degradation

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-243
Author(s):  
L.V. Kobrina ◽  
◽  
V.V. Boiko ◽  
T.V. Dmitrieva ◽  
V.V. Bortnitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Factors

Effects of Aging on the Morphology of Rubber-Brass Interfacial Layer

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ashirgade ◽  
P. B. Harakuni ◽  
W. J. Vanooij
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Adhesion Promoter

Abstract Adhesion between rubber compound and brass-plated steel tire cord is crucial in governing the overall performance of tires. The rubber-brass interfacial adhesion is influenced by the chemical composition and thickness of the interfacial layer. It has been shown that the interfacial layer consists mainly of sulfides and oxides of copper and zinc. This paper discusses the effect of changes in the chemical composition and the structure of the interfacial layers due to addition of adhesion promoter resins. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) experiments were run on sulfidized polished brass coupons previously bonded to five experimental rubber compounds. It was confirmed that heat and humidity conditions lead to physical and chemical changes of the rubber-steel tire cord interfacial layer, closely related to the degree of rubber-brass adhesion. Morphological transformation of the interfacial layer led to loss of adhesion after aging. The adhesion promoter resins inhibit unfavorable morphological changes in the interfacial layer, thus stabilizing it during aging and prolonging failure. Tire cord adhesion tests illustrated that the one-component resins improved adhesion after aging using a rubber compound with lower cobalt loading. Based on the acquired diffraction profiles, these resins were also found to impede crystallization of the sulfide layer after aging, leading to improved adhesion. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles and scanning electron microscopy micrographs strongly corroborated the findings from GIXRD. This interfacial analysis adds valuable information to our understanding of the complex nature of the rubber-brass bonding mechanism.

PERKEMBANGANKAWASAN PECINAN SEMARANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Monica Latu Melati ◽  
Ariadne Kristia Nataya ◽  
Alfonsus Arianto Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Review Analysis ◽  
Urban Heritage ◽  
Observation Area ◽  
Cultural Artefact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special District

Abstract:Semarang Chinatown  is a special  district in Semarang City  known with its chineese culture, where chineese citizen of Semarang have been living  for centuries. The sustained chineese culture in this area makes Semarang Chinatwon as an urban heritage and cultural artefact in Semarang City. The aims for this paper are to investigate the factors shaping Chinatown Semarang, the development of Chinatown Semarang from time  to time, the urban form elements in Semarang Chinatown, and the correlation between morphological components of Semarang Chinatown. This writing use some review methods, first theoritical overview to get secondary data about physical or non-physical factors forming city, second observation area such as collecting photos and interviewing to get primary data. Data review analysis use qualitative data analysis which is configure with the problems and aims that have been appointed.Keywords:elements of urban form, morphological components, history of Semarang ChinatownAbstrak: Kawasan Pecinan Semarang adalah sebuah kawasan di kota Semarang yang sangat kental dengan budaya Tionghoa. Di sinilah warga keturunan Tionghoa sejak berabad-abad silam menetap di Semarang. Adanya budaya Tionghoa yang masih sangat terjaga menjadikan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang ini sebagai kawasan urban heritage dan artefact budaya di kota Semarang. Tujuan penulisan adalah untuk menemukan faktor pembentuk Kawasan Pecinan Semarang, mengetahui perkembangan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang dari masa ke masa, mengetahui pola bentuk dan elemen kawasan pada Kawasan Pecinan Semarang, serta mengetahui kaitan antara faktor pembentuk kawasan terhadap perkembangan Kawasan Pecinan Semarang. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kajian berupa tinjauan teori untuk memperoleh data sekunder mengenai faktor-faktor pembentuk kota baik secara fisik maupun non fisik, serta observasi lapangan berupa pengumpulan foto yang dilengkapi dengan wawancara untuk memperoleh data primer. Analisis data kajian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang disesuaikan dengan permasalahan dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.Kata kunci:Elemen Kawasan, Faktor Pembentuk Kawasan, PerkembanganSejarah Kawasan Pecinan Semarang

APLIKASI CITRA LANDSAT 8 OLI UNTUK IDENTIFIKASI STATUS TROFIK WADUK GAJAH MUNGKUR WONOGIRI, JAWA TENGAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Kusuma Wardani Laksitaningrum ◽  
Wirastuti Widyatmanti
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
State Index

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="abstrak">Waduk Gajah Mungkur (WGM) adalah bendungan buatan yang memiliki luas genangan maksimum 8800 ha, terletak di Desa Pokoh Kidul, Kecamatan Wonogiri, Kabupaten Wonogiri. Kondisi perairan WGM dipengaruhi oleh faktor klimatologis, fisik, dan aktivitas manusia yang dapat menyumbang nutrisi sehingga mempengaruhi status trofiknya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kemampuan citra Landsat 8 OLI untuk memperoleh parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai status trofik, menentukan dan memetakan status trofik yang diperoleh dari citra Landsat 8 OLI, dan mengevaluasi hasil pemetaan dan manfaat citra penginderaan jauh untuk identifikasi status trofik WGM. Identifikasi status trofik dilakukan berdasarkan metode <em>Trophic State Index</em> (TSI) Carlson (1997) menggunakan tiga parameter yaitu kejernihan air, total fosfor, dan klorofil-a. Model yang diperoleh berdasar pada rumus empiris dari hasil uji regresi antara pengukuran di lapangan dan nilai piksel di citra Landsat 8 OLI. Model dipilih berdasarkan nilai koefisien determinasi (R<sup>2</sup>) tertinggi. Hasil penelitian merepresentasikan bahwa nilai R<sup>2</sup> kejernihan air sebesar 0,813, total fosfor sebesar 0,268, dan klorofil-a sebesar 0,584. Apabila nilai R<sup>2 </sup>mendekati 1, maka semakin baik model regresi dapat menjelaskan suatu parameter status trofik. Berdasarkan hasil kalkulasi diperoleh distribusi yang terdiri dari kelas eutrofik ringan, eutrofik sedang, dan eutrofik berat yaitu pada rentang nilai indeks 50,051 – 80,180. Distribusi terbesar adalah eutrofik sedang. Hal tersebut menunjukkan tingkat kesuburan perairan yang tinggi dan dapat membahayakan makhluk hidup lain.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>Waduk Gajah Mungkur, citra Landsat 8 OLI, regresi, TSI, status trofik</p><p class="judulABS"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="Abstrakeng">Gajah Mungkur Reservoir is an artificial dam that has a maximum inundated areas of 8800 ha, located in Pokoh Kidul Village, Wonogiri Regency. The reservoir’s water conditions are affected by climatological and physical factors, as well as human activities that can contribute to nutrients that affect its trophic state. This study aimed to assess the Landsat 8 OLI capabilities to obtain parameters that are used to determine its trophic state, identifying and mapping the trophic state based on parameters derived from Landsat 8 OLI, and evaluating the results of the mapping and the benefits of remote sensing imagery for identification of its trophic state. Identification of trophic state is based on Trophic State Index (TSI) Carlson (1997), which uses three parameters there are water clarity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a. The model is based on an empirical formula of regression between measurements in the field and the pixel values in Landsat 8 OLI. Model is selected on the highest value towards coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>). The results represented that R<sup>2</sup> of water clarity is 0.813, total phosphorus is 0.268, and chlorophyll-a is 0.584. If R<sup>2</sup> close to 1, regression model will describe the parameters of the trophic state better. Based on the calculation the distribution consists of mild eutrophic, moderate eutrophic, and heavy eutrophic that has index values from 50.051 to 80.18. The most distribution is moderate eutrophication, and it showed the high level of trophic state and may harm other living beings.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, </em><em>L</em><em>andsat 8 OLI satellite imagery, regression, TSI, trophic state</em></p>

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