On-Road Test Facility for Truck Tire Rolling Resistance and Bearing Losses Measurements

2009 ◽  
pp. 116-116-14
Author(s):  
AJ Bosik ◽  
JH Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Road Test ◽  
Truck Tire

Thermomechanical Coupling of a Hyper-viscoelastic Truck Tire and a Pavement Layer and its Impact on Three-dimensional Contact Stresses

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110171
Author(s):  
Angeli Jayme ◽  
Imad L. Al-Qadi
Keyword(s):  
Contact Stress ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Contact Stresses ◽  
Thermomechanical Coupling ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Truck Tire

A thermomechanical coupling between a hyper-viscoelastic tire and a representative pavement layer was conducted to assess the effect of various temperature profiles on the mechanical behavior of a rolling truck tire. The two deformable bodies, namely the tire and pavement layer, were subjected to steady-state-uniform and non-uniform temperature profiles to identify the significance of considering temperature as a variable in contact-stress prediction. A myriad of ambient, internal air, and pavement-surface conditions were simulated, along with combinations of applied tire load, tire-inflation pressure, and traveling speed. Analogous to winter, the low temperature profiles induced a smaller tire-pavement contact area that resulted in stress localization. On the other hand, under high temperature conditions during the summer, higher tire deformation resulted in lower contact-stress magnitudes owing to an increase in the tire-pavement contact area. In both conditions, vertical and longitudinal contact stresses are impacted, while transverse contact stresses are relatively less affected. This behavior, however, may change under a non-free-rolling condition, such as braking, accelerating, and cornering. By incorporating temperature into the tire-pavement interaction model, changes in the magnitude and distribution of the three-dimensional contact stresses were manifested. This would have a direct implication on the rolling resistance and near-surface behavior of flexible pavements.

FEA Tire Modeling and Validation Techniques

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrsa Marjani ◽  
Moustafa El-Gindy ◽  
David Philipps ◽  
Fredrik Öijer ◽  
Inge Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Static And Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Tire Models

Recent advances in power and efficiency of computerized modeling methods has made it easier to develop accurate tire models. These newer models are now created with such accuracy that it has become easy to predict the experimental tire’s behavior and characteristics. These models are helpful with determining tire, tire-road, and tire-soil interaction properties. By creating virtual models, the overall capital for research and development can be reduced as well as replacing unavailable experimental tires for research. This research paper mainly focuses on the validation of computer generated FEA tire models which are then used for the prediction of the experimental tire’s rolling resistance, static and dynamic characteristics. Experimental data, such as rolling resistance and vertical acceleration are used in validation simulations in order to tune the virtual model to match the experimental tire’s behavior. The tire that was used for this research is a six-groove 445/50R22.5 FEA truck tire, which was constructed and validated over the course of this research.

BETTER BALANCE OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUND PROPERTIES BY THE USE OF MONTMORILLONITE WITH OPTIMUM SURFACE MODIFIER CONTENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irfan Fathurrohman ◽  
Supagorn Rugmai ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Key Factor

ABSTRACT Reinforcement of silica in tire tread compounds is known to reduce hysteresis or energy loss, which leads to a production of energy-saving tires. Even though silica–silane technology has been well established, further development to enhance its performance is still needed. One of the approaches is to use hybrid or dual filler. The use of silica-organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) dual filler in the reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) truck tire tread compounds is investigated. The NR-MMT master batches were prepared by using the in situ organomodified and latex compounding method. Because the surface-modifying agent or surfactant is a key factor in determining the level of MMT dispersion in the rubber matrix, the effect of quaternary amine salt (Q) contents on mechanical and dynamic properties of NR tread compounds reinforced by silica-MMT was studied. The results revealed that MMT and Q can effectively reduce the filler–filler interaction and complex viscosity owing to a good dispersion of MMT and silica in the NR matrix and Q, which acts as a dispersing agent in addition to the silane coupling agent used in the compound, leading to improvement in tensile, abrasion resistance, and dynamic mechanical properties with an increasing amount of Q. Furthermore, at the optimum content of the surfactant used (36 wt%), the silica-MMT–reinforced NR exhibited improved tensile strength (+4%), wet grip, and rolling resistance, respectively, as indicated by loss tangent at 0 °C (+6%) and 60 °C (−15%), while maintaining a modulus at 300% strain and abrasion resistance as compared with the silica-NR reference compound. Such a dual-filler system demonstrates its potential use for tire treads with better performance.

Epoxidized Natural Rubber

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. L. Baker ◽  
I. R. Gelling ◽  
R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Coupling Reagent ◽  
Automotive Parts ◽  
New Form ◽  
Wet Grip

Abstract When natural rubber is epoxidized under carefully controlled conditions, it can be converted to a totally new polymer with some properties more akin to speciality rubbers and some properties that appear to be advantageous for tire treads. Three levels of epoxidation have been extensively evaluated. They were 50, 25 and 10 mole% epoxidized NR referred to as ENR-50, ENR-25 and ENR-10 respectively. ENR-50 has been found to undergo strain crystallization like NR, but with oil resistance similar to a medium acrylonitrile NBR and gas permeability similar to butyl rubber. It is a highly damping rubber with a very low room-temperature resilience. ENR-50 and ENR-25 both exhibit good wet grip characteristics and have been examined as tire tread materials. In particular, ENR-25 compounds containing silica or silica/black have been found to give lower rolling resistance than NR and better wet traction than OESBR, so providing an ideal combination of these two properties for tire treads. Unfortunately, wear data is as yet incomplete, but it is anticipated, from truck tire experience, that the black/silica compounds will present no problems. ENR-25 and ENR-50 exhibit this unique feature with silica of reinforcement equivalent to black without the use of a coupling reagent. Thus, these rubbers have potential of providing white or colored vulcanizates with properties previously associated only with black-filled compounds, so extending applicational areas, or even resulting in colored tires or other automotive parts. ENR-10 provides a damping grade of NR when lower resiliences are required. Alternatively, blends of ENR-25 or -50 with NR may be used. Many engineering applications are calling for reduced resilience, and this new form of NR can give precisely this.

Natural Rubber Compounds for Truck Tires

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Barnard ◽  
C. S. L. Baker ◽  
I. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Lower Severity

Abstract An 80 NR/20 BR truck tread compound containing a semi-EV cure system and modified with a 6.0 phr level of stearic acid has been shown to exhibit excellent resistance to reversion when compared to a similar compound containing a normal 2.0 phr level of stearic acid. Improvements in the retention of laboratory abrasion resistance, heat generation, and most physical properties have been identified on test pieces subjected to typical truck retread overcure conditions. In highway fleet testing trials of 1100 × 22.5 truck retreads fitted to both third and fourth drive axles of tipper trucks, the modified compound displayed a 42% improvement in treadwear performance over the normal compound in the lower severity third axle positions while performance in the higher severity fourth axle positions was inferior by 20%. In comparison to a 55 SBR/45 BR truck tread, both NR compounds displayed superior wear performance on the fourth axles while some further adjustments of the modified compound are required to match the synthetic compound on the third axles. The reversal of wear performances for all compounds between third and fourth axles is due to the different abrasion mechanisms encountered. Laboratory abrasion rankings do not correlate with wear performances of compounds on the fourth drive axle of trucks, but they do correlate with wear performances on third drive axles. Despite the reversion characteristics of the normal semi-EV compound, no significant adverse effect on treadwear performance was evident at the start of tire life. The low heat generation of the modified compound in laboratory tests is confirmed in actual tire testing. Advantages in rolling resistance characteristics are also evident for the modified compound. Current studies at MRPRA suggest that further modifications of cure system design, in combination with the optimization of NR/BR ratios and mixing methods, will potentially provide NR dominant truck tread compounds which will exhibit superior wear performance in both the higher and lower abrasion severities encountered in heavy-duty truck tire service conditions.

Tire Rolling Resistance from Whole-Tire Hysteresis Ratio

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Pillai ◽  
G. S. Fielding-Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A simple equation for tire rolling resistance in terms of whole-tire hysteresis ratio, tire load, and footprint dimensions has been developed from energetic considerations. The rolling resistances of a number of radial passenger and truck tires have been calculated using the equation, and the calculated values were successfully compared with the measured results. The general applicability of the equation was illustrated by predicting the rolling resistances of a wide range of tires—from an experimental HR78-8 minitire to a full size 11R24.5 truck tire.

A novel evaluation on rolling resistance characteristics of truck tire through the simplified experimental modal analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (12) ◽  
pp. 2771-2782
Author(s):  
Chengwei Zhu ◽  
Jingjing Yan ◽  
Ye Zhuang ◽  
Xueliang Gao ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Damping Characteristics ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Resistance Coefficients ◽  
Correlative Relationship

A novel evaluation method for the rolling resistance characteristics of truck tire is proposed, in which a simplified modal experiment is suggested through a single-point vibration sampling from the tire surface with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film. Three truck tires are utilized in the modal experiments, and the half-power bandwidth method is employed to identify the damping characteristics of the three tires. The damping characteristics of the tires are ranked by their values. These values are compared with their corresponding rolling resistance coefficients to manifest their correlative relationship. The experimental results, which are obtained from the modal experiment and the rolling resistance test, indicate that the modal parameters and the half-power bandwidth of the tire are exactly correlated to the rolling resistance coefficients. Furthermore, the damping ratios of the tires are correlated well with the rolling resistance coefficients among the tires. Overall, the proposed evaluation method could effectively evaluate the rolling resistance characteristics of the tire, which enable it to be a simple and economical alternative over the conventional tire rolling resistance experiments.

Method of estimating the rolling resistance coefficient of vehicle tyre using the roller dynamometer

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (13) ◽  
pp. 3194-3204
Author(s):  
Adrian Soica ◽  
Adrian Budala ◽  
Vlad Monescu ◽  
Slawomir Sommer ◽  
Wojciech Owczarzak
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Resistance Coefficients ◽  
Roll Out

The tendency in the past few years has been to introduce tyres with lower rolling resistance coefficients to the market. This paper presents a mathematical method for determining the rolling resistance coefficients variation depending on the speed. The method uses power balance which results from automobile dynamics while rolling on chassis dynamometer. The rolling resistance coefficients of tyres obtained through ‘drum test method’, for which the rolling resistance coefficients variation is known in terms of vehicle speed, are considered as reference values, while than rolling resistance coefficients of tyres obtained through ‘MAHA roller dynamometer’ using the recorded lost drag power in the roll-out phase on the stand are considered as tested values. The rolling resistance coefficients variation could be determined up to the maximum permissible speed of the tyre, for all wheels trained on the stand and not just for one tyre, as determined in laboratory conditions. The test conditions are similar to those in real road conditions, where the temperature of the environment and wheels cannot be controlled. The values obtained by the authors’ proposed method were compared with the values obtained by the ‘drum test method’. The main contribution of the proposed method is to estimate the rolling resistance coefficients without using a very expensive test facility.

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