Developments in International Smoke Obscuration Tests and British Assessment Procedures for Smoke Hazards in Fire Scenarios Containing Plastics

2009 ◽  
pp. 34-34-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
In Fire

Simulation and Modelling in Fire Safety

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-262
Author(s):  
Tomaz Hozjan ◽  
Kamila Kempna ◽  
Jan Smolka
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Actual and future concerns in fire safety in buildings and infrastructure are challenging. Modern technologies provide rapid development in area of fire safety, especially in education, training, and fire-engineering. Modelling as a tool in fire-engineering provides possibility to design specific fire scenarios and investigate fire spread, smoke movement or evacuation of occupants from buildings. Development of emerging technologies and software provides higher possibility to apply these models with interactions of augmented and virtual reality. Augmented reality and virtual reality expand effectivity of training and preparedness of first (fire wardens) and second (firefighters) responders. Limitations such as financial demands, scale and scenarios of practical training of first and second responders are much lower than in virtual reality. These technologies provide great opportunities in preparedness to crisis in a safety way with significantly limited budget. Some of these systems are already developed and applied in safety and security area e.g. XVR (firefighting, medical service).

Climate change and vulnerability of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a fire-prone landscape

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Falke ◽  
Rebecca L. Flitcroft ◽  
Jason B. Dunham ◽  
Kristina M. McNyset ◽  
Paul F. Hessburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Physical Habitat ◽  
Bull Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Confluentus ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Population Vulnerability ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Future Management

Linked atmospheric and wildfire changes will complicate future management of native coldwater fishes in fire-prone landscapes, and new approaches to management that incorporate uncertainty are needed to address this challenge. We used a Bayesian network (BN) approach to evaluate population vulnerability of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Wenatchee River basin, Washington, USA, under current and future climate and fire scenarios. The BN was based on modeled estimates of wildfire, water temperature, and physical habitat prior to, and following, simulated fires throughout the basin. We found that bull trout population vulnerability depended on the extent to which climate effects can be at least partially offset by managing factors such as habitat connectivity and fire size. Moreover, our analysis showed that local management can significantly reduce the vulnerability of bull trout to climate change given appropriate management actions. Tools such as our BN that explicitly integrate the linked nature of climate and wildfire, and incorporate uncertainty in both input data and vulnerability estimates, will be vital in effective future management to conserve native coldwater fishes.

scholarly journals Customized Evacuation Pathfinding through WSN-Based Monitoring in Fire Scenarios

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1661-1670
Author(s):  
JinYi Yoon ◽  
YeonJin Jin ◽  
So-Yeon Park ◽  
HyungJune Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Study on the rule of blister formation and identification technology of multi-cores copper wires in fire

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1040-1046
Author(s):  
Axin Liang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Shu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Blister Formation ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Metallographic Structure ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Wire ◽  
In Fire

The common presence of the wire blisters in fire indicates that the wire was exposed to fire. Yet current overload happening before fire also causes some wire blisters. Most trace evidences on the wire from fire are required to examine melted blisters marks of the wire. Thus, it is critical to clearly identify and determine the differences between blisters merely exposure to fire and current overload for fire investigators. Two fire scenarios, fire heating and overcurrent, and 2.5 mm2 multi-cores copper wires were selected by this paper to make blisters. Then, the identification technology of blisters was studied. The experimental results suggested that the external appearance and metallographic structure taken on by blisters were not the precise evidences to identify whether blisters are merely exposed to fire or overcurrent. Therefore, the metallographical method of polarized light was used to analyse Cu2O content in blisters. Besides, such content was used to accurately identify two kinds of blisters. The content of Cu2O of the overcurrent blisters was larger than that of the fire heating blisters notably.

Optimisation of smoke extraction system in fire scenarios using CFD modelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 508-517
Author(s):  
Til Baalisampang ◽  
Elie Saliba ◽  
Fatemeh Salehi ◽  
Vikram Garaniya ◽  
Longfei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Extraction System ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Study on Fire Risk Assessment on Irradiation Room under Stuck Radioactive Sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 919-921 ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Xiao Lin Yao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Scenario ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Minimum Ignition Temperature ◽  
Radioactive Sources ◽  
In Fire

Ignition temperatures of common radiation cargo in irradiation room were measured through the experiment, minimum ignition temperature is 210 °C. In order to discuss the temperature variation under stuck radioactive sources, two fire scenarios were presented and simulated by FDS. The results show that temperatures rise rapidly when stuck radioactive sources broke out within an hour. As the growth of the time, temperatures in irradiation room are rising, but the rising rate is slowing. In fire scenario A and B, the incidents of stuck radioactive sources occur in 9 days, 4 days later, local temperatures can reach 210 °C, and radiation cargo may be ignited. The results of the research can provide reference for fire risk judgment and assessment in irradiation room.

scholarly journals Analysis of the influence of the heating process on the charring depth of wooden elements

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
Andrzej Marciniak
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship ◽  
In Fire

In accordance with European standards in the field of designing wooden structures in the design process and in fire safety engineering, differentiated fire impacts should be applied, depending on the expected scenario of its development. These interactions describe the time-temperature relationship. Fire resistance is generally related to the thermal interaction determined by a logarithmic relationship called a standard curve describing a fire developed in a room in the form. It is possible to use other, more realistic scenarios characterizing the thermal impact determined by the so-called nominal curves covering the effects of fire emanating from a window or hydrocarbon fires (eg in fuel depots). Individual fire scenarios can also be used. The basis for determining the time to the loss of the load bearing capacity of the wooden structure (fire resistance due to the load capacity criterion for a given temperature course over time) is the geometric characteristics of the uncut core of the cross-section. The dimensions of the uncut, working cross section are determined so far only for rods heated according to the standard curve, assuming a charring speed for glued laminated timber of 0.50 -0.80 mm / min depending on the type of wood and product. For other curves, research in this area is lacking.

Transient creep analytical modeling for shear endplate assemblies in fire

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-309
Author(s):  
Hadi O. Al Haddad ◽  
Elie G. Hantouche
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Thermal Creep ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Creep Effect ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model that is capable of predicting the behavior of shear endplate beam-column assemblies when exposed to fire, taking into account the thermal creep effect. Design/methodology/approach An analytical model is developed and validated against finite element (FE) models previously validated against experimental tests in the literature. Major material and geometrical parameters are incorporated in the analysis to investigate their influence on the overall response of the shear endplate assembly in fire events. Findings The analytical model can predict the induced axial forces and deflections of the assembly. The results show that when creep effect is considered explicitly in the analysis, the beam undergoes excessive deformation. This deformation needs to be taken into account in the design. The results show the significance of thermal creep effect on the behavior of the shear endplate assembly as exposed to various fire scenarios. Research limitations/implications However, the user-defined constants of the creep equations cannot be applied to other connection types. These constants are limited to shear endplate connections having the material and geometrical parameters specified in this study. Originality/value The importance of the analytical model is that it provides a time-effective, simple and comprehensive technique that can be used as an alternative to the experimental tests and numerical methods. Also, it can be used to develop a design procedure that accounts for the transient thermal creep behavior of steel connections in real fire.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE-BASED ANALYSIS OF PLANAR STEEL FRAME IN FIRE, The effect of different types of thermal insulation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Treven ◽  
Tomaž Hozjan ◽  
Miran Sajea
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Steel Frame ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Natural Fire ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

The paper presents a performance-based analysis of a planar steel frame exposed to natural fire conditions, if protected with different types of insulation.Bare steel elements, and elements protected with intumescent coating or insulation boards are considered. Two fire scenarios and two material models for steel, with and without the consideration of viscous creep, are applied in order to observe the effect of viscous creep. The analysis consists of three steps: (i) the determination of fire curves, (ii) the thermal analysis, and (iii) the mechanical analysis. Theexpansion of intumescent coating as well as heat flux within the voidspace between the steel surface and the insulation boards are also considered. It is shown that the choice of the thermal insulation has a significant effect on the mechanical response of the frame.

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