Total Water Demand for Suppression of Fires in Hypobaric Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

2009 ◽  
pp. 17-17-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
HD Beeson ◽  
ET Forsyth ◽  
DB Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Demand

scholarly journals Estimating Sectoral Water Demand for Sindh Province of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-406
Author(s):  
Heman Das Lohano ◽  
Fateh Muhammad Marri
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Water Demand

Water resources in Sindh province of Pakistan are under significant pressure due to increasing and conflicting water demand from municipalities for domestic users, agriculture and industries, and requirements of environmental flows. Population growth and climate change are likely to pose serious challenges to households and economic sectors that depend on water. This study estimates the present water demand from municipalities, agriculture and industries, and its future projections by the year 2050 in Sindh. The study also evaluates the impact of climate change on sectoral water demand and assesses the water requirements for the environmental flows. The results show that presently the total water demand for these sectors in Sindh is 44.06 Million Acre Feet (MAF). Agriculture is the largest consumer of water, accounting for 95.24 percent of the total water demand. Municipal water demand accounts for 2.61 percent while industrial water demand accounts for 1.88 percent. The demand for water in these sectors is expected to rise by 10 percent from 2018 to 2050. Moreover, depending on climate change scenario, the total water demand in these three sectors is likely to rise by 16 to 25 percent from 2018 to 2050. In additions, water requirements for the environmental flows have been indicated as 10 MAF in the National Water Accord of 1991. The findings of this study call for policy measures and strategies for management of water resources in Sindh.

scholarly journals Water Demand Forecast in the Baiyangdian Basin with the Extensive and Low-Carbon Economic Modes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Qin ◽  
D. H. Yan ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
J. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Water Demand Forecast ◽  
Population Urbanization ◽  
Total Water Demand

The extensive and low-carbon economic modes were constructed on the basis of population, urbanization level, economic growth rate, industrial structure, industrial scale, and ecoenvironmental water requirement. The objective of this paper is to quantitatively analyze effects of these two economic modes on regional water demand. Productive and domestic water demands were both derived by their scale and quota. Ecological water calculation involves the water within stream, wetland, and cities and towns. Total water demand of the research region was obtained based on the above three aspects. The research method was applied in the Baiyangdian basin. Results showed that total water demand with the extensive economic mode would increase by 1.27 billion m3, 1.53 billion m3, and 2.16 billion m3in 2015, 2020, and 2030, respectively, compared with that with low-carbon mode.

scholarly journals Potential Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic through Changes in Outbound Tourism on Water Demand: The Case of Liège (Belgium)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2820
Author(s):  
Nguyen Bich-Ngoc ◽  
Jacques Teller
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Monthly Total ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Total Water Demand ◽  
Sudden Reduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many countries closing their borders, and numerous people spending their holidays at home instead of traveling abroad. This sudden reduction in travel activities, and other ‘new normals’, might have influenced people’s water usage. Hence, using Liège as a case study, this study aims to address the potential effect of outbound tourism on water consumption and how the current situation might affect the total water demand. Statistical models were developed and validated using the total daily volume of 23 municipalities in the Liège conurbation, the monthly total number of outbound trips, and other meteorological data. Results suggest significantly lower water demand in the months with high numbers of outbound travel activities. Though the projected risk of increased water needs due to fewer people traveling is moderate, the threat becomes much higher during long periods of dry and hot weather.

scholarly journals Application of Different Evapotranspiration Models to Calculate Total Agricultural Water Demand in a Tropical Region

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Thi Hong Tran ◽  
Mark Honti
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Total Water Demand

Today, water in the Long Xuyen Quadrangle-An Giang (LXQAG)(Mekong River delta, Vietnam) is becoming scarce in some seasonsand some districts in the region, especially when the scenariosof climate change will affect water resources in the future.Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions about water conservationand distribution to ensure compatibility with the socialobjectives such as economic efficiency, sustainability and fairness.The mathematical models used for water distribution andbalance calculations are the prominent themes nowadays. To performthis task, it needs to calculate the water needs for all economicsectors. In this article we are particularly concerned aboutwater demand calculation methods for crops and aquaculture.Because these are the two main commodities accounting for thehighest water usage in the region. Water demand for crops is calculatedthrough potential evaporation using the methods of Hargreaves& Samani; Priestley and Taylor and Penman-Monteithto check if the first two simpler methods with less data demandcould be used to estimate evapotranspiration. The results showthat the simpler methods were significantly different and thereforewater demand calculations must be based on the Penman-Monteith method for the water demand of crops and the methodsof Penman to calculate expansion evaporation for aquaculture.The result shows that the total water demand in 2015 is 6,428million m3/year. It is estimated that in 2020, agricultural waterdemand will rise by 71% compared to 2015 to 22,531 millionm3/year. The main reason for this rise is that the local managersexpect the catfish farming area to increase by 80%, if peopleapply the “VietGAP standards”.

ANN versus SARIMA models in forecasting residential water consumption in Tunisia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maamar Sebri
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Residential Water Consumption ◽  
End Use ◽  
Total Water Demand

Water scarcity and increasing water demand, especially for residential end-use, are major challenges facing Tunisia. The need to accurately forecast water consumption is useful for the planning and management of this natural resource. In the current study, quarterly time series of household water consumption in Tunisia was forecast using a comparative analysis between the traditional Box–Jenkins method and an artificial neural networks approach. In particular, an attempt was made to test the effectiveness of data preprocessing, such as detrending and deseasonalization, on the accuracy of neural networks forecasting. Results indicate that the traditional Box–Jenkins method outperforms neural networks estimated on raw, detrended, or deseasonalized data in terms of forecasting accuracy. However, forecasts provided by the neural network model estimated on combined detrended and deseasonalized data are significantly more accurate and much closer to the actual data. This model is therefore selected to forecast future household water consumption in Tunisia. Projection results suggest that by 2025, water demand for residential end-use will represent around 18% of the total water demand of the country.

scholarly journals Analisis Ketersediaan Air Permukaan dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Air DAS Bodri Tahun 2040

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Chafda Larasati ◽  
Aji Wijaya Abadi ◽  
M Galih Prakoso ◽  
Novanna Dwi S ◽  
Venny Vivid F ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Landuse Change ◽  
Calculation Of Parameters ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Total Water Demand

Abstrak Sumberdaya air penting untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan semua makhluk hidup termasuk manusia. DAS Bodri menyediakan suplai air permukaan melalui sungai-sungai yang ada dalam DAS, yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk sekitar. Seiring berjalannya waktu, DAS Bodri mengalami perubahan penggunaan lahan yang menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kebutuhan air dan terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu mengetahui keseimbangan antara kebutuhan air di masa yang akan datang dengan ketersediaan air permukaan di DAS Bodri tahun 2040. Perhitungan keseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan dilakukan dengan membandingkan antara kebutuhan air total dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Parameter kebutuhan air total terdiri dari kebutuhan air domestik, fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, fasilitas peribadatan, perkantoran, industri, pertokoan dan pasar, warung makan, peternakan, irigasi, dan tambak. Kebutuhan air di tahun mendatang diketahui melalui proyeksi secara eksponensial dan tetap dari data jumlah dalam perhitungan parameter. Kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas domestik dan nondomestik diestimasikan mencapai 2,44 miliar m3 pada tahun 2040. Hasil analisis neraca air menunjukkan bahwa status neraca air DAS Bodri tahun 2010-2019 mengalami defisiensi. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa potensi sumberdaya air permukaan masih belum mencukupi untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan air di DAS Bodri hingga tahun 2040. Abstract Water resources play an important role in meeting the needs of all living things, including humans. The Bodri watershed provides surface water supply through rivers on the watershed, which the local residents can use and utilize. Over time, the Bodri watershed underwent landuse change, which led to an increase in water demand, resulting in an imbalance between water demand and surface water availability. Calculation of the balance between demand and surface water availability is done by comparing the total water demand and the surface water availability. This study aims to determine the balance between future water demand and surface water availability in the Bodri watershed in 2040. The parameters used to determine total water demand consist of water needs of the following sectors; domestic, health facilities, educational facilities, religious facilities, offices, industry, shops and markets, food stalls, livestock, irrigation, and ponds. In the coming year, water demand is known through projections exponentially and permanently from the amount of data in the calculation of parameters. Water demand for domestic and non-domestic activities is estimated to reach 2.44 billion m3 in 2040. The water balance analysis results show that the status of the Bodri watershed water balance in 2010-2019 is deficient. The potential for surface water resources is still insufficient to meet the water needs in the Bodri watershed until 2040.  

scholarly journals Water Saving Potential in the RBD of Thessaly

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Total Water Demand ◽  
Technical Measures

The prolonged issues regarding the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the water resources in the River Basin District of Thessaly (TRBD) have resulted in the environmental degradation and the reduction of the availability of water. Agriculture is the major water user, constituting up to 95% of total water demand. The pressures anticipated from the ongoing climate change are expected to cause further degradation, given the present status of the water resources. This research attempts to examine and quantify the water saving potential of TRBD, mainly for the agriculture sector, following the recommendations of the European legislation, the principles of sustainable development and environmental protection. Water saving tools are documented in several countries, including technical measures, such as drip irrigation systems and the modernization of the transfer networks, as well as deficit and scheduled irrigation practices and water reuse. These measures and practices are tested for their potential effect on water demand in TRBD, in addition to changing a portion of cotton cultivation areas to olive groves. To this end, the volume of irrigation demand is estimated at 2088×106, while total water demand stands for 2204×106. Afterwards the study proceeds to the evaluation of the water saving potential both independently and combined. The potential of water savings in TRBD is proven high, 14.3% of total water demand for technical measures, 10.7% if deficit irrigation is applied to specific crops, while it may reach 28.8% in case the measures are combined.

Ecology and equity: key determinants of sustainable water security

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Total Water Demand ◽  
Global Water

Trends in water consumption indicate that demand for water for household and industrial uses in developing countries could double as a proportion of total water demand in the next 25 years. Scope for expansion of water supply will, at the same time, be limited because development of irrigation and urban water supplies is becoming increasingly expensive, and often involves high costs in terms of environmental degradation and human resettlement. Without fundamental reform of water management, the rapid growth in urban water demand will require large transfers of water from irrigated agriculture, thereby threatening food security. Hence, water supply and demand should be managed in an integrated fashion, simultaneously considering all uses and sources. This will call for the establishment of community centred food and water security systems and national water trusts. Once such systems and Trusts are established there could be a legally binding Global Water Convention on the model of the Global Convention on Climate and Biodiversity. The details of such a Global Water Conventions can be finalized at one of the future Stockholm Water Symposia. There are uncommon opportunities today for a water-secure world through synergy between technology, public policy and peoples‘ participation.

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