scholarly journals Amino Acid-Containing Krebs-Henseleit Buffer Protects Rat Liver in a Long-Term Organ Perfusion Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-179
Author(s):  
Reza Heidari ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Ommati ◽  
Sanya Alahyari ◽  
Negar Azarpira ◽  
Hossein Niknahad
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Organ Perfusion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Krebs Henseleit Buffer

Background: The liver is vulnerable to the toxicity induced by xenobiotics. On the other hand, it has been found that several endogenously-found amino acids have hepatoprotective properties. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of taurine, glycine, and histidine on the liver function in an ex vivo model of prolonged organ perfusion. Methods: Rat liver was isolated and perfused with a hemoglobin- and albumin-free Krebs‑Henseleit buffer (KBH). Liver injury biomarkers were monitored at scheduled time intervals. Results: The perfusate level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the potassium ion (K+) were gradually increased in control (Only KBH) group. The histopathological evaluation also revealed significant necrosis, sinusoidal dilation, and pyknosis in control liver. Moreover, significant increase in lipid peroxidation and depletion of hepatic glutathione stores were detected in the control group. It was found that taurine (5, 10 and 20 mM) and glycine (5, 10 and 20 mM)-containing KBH buffer significantly decreased the perfusate level of liver injury biomarkers. Furthermore, lower liver tissue pathological changes, decreased lipid peroxidation, and higher glutathione content was detected in amino acid-treated groups. Histidine administration showed no significant protective effect on liver injury in the current study. On the other hand, combination amino acid administration (glycine and taurine) showed a better hepatoprotective profile. Conclusion: The data obtained from the current study might help to provide safe hepatoprotective agents against xenobiotics-induced hepatotoxicity or preserve liver functionality outside the body.

scholarly journals Influence of Glutamine and Glutamate Supplementation in the Blood Levels of Horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Emília Cavalcanti da Costa Cordeiro Manso ◽  
Deyvson Ferreira De Oliveira ◽  
Monica Miranda Hunka ◽  
Hélio Cordeiro Manso Filho
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

Background: The most abundant free amino acid in mammals is glutamine (GLN). Little research has focused on GLN supplementation for horses, but GLN levels in this species are known to decline after exercise and during lactation. Under physiological conditions, the body produces Gln in sufficient quantities for general metabolism, and a small part of this amino acid comes from dietary protein. Little research has so far focused on equine dietary supplementation with free glutamine or combined with other amino acids during catabolic states or in highly stressful situations. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of equine dietary supplementation using a combination of glutamine and glutamate.  Materials, Methods & Results: The study involved four Arabian mares, not in training (~380 kg; ~12 years old) and four treatments (control, and inclusions of 1, 2 and 4% of GLN+GLU) in a Latin square model. A 7-day washout period was established between each phase. Fifty percent of the mares’ maintenance energy requirements came from concentrate and 50% from hay and grazing. The other 50% came from Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon), which was supplied ad libitum. After 7 weeks of nutritional supplementation (once a day, in the morning). In the experimental model, the mares were distributed in a Latin square design comprised of four treatments: control (without inclusion) and inclusions of 1%, 2% and 4% of supplement (AminoGut®, Ajinomoto do Brazil), and four animals. Blood was collected in five stages (fasting, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after feeding) in each treatment. The blood samples were analyzed to determine GLN, GLU, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total plasma protein, hematocrit and glucose levels. Glutamine and Glutamate concentrations were analyzed using the enzymatic spectrophotometric method. The results were analyzed statistically using one- and two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test with P set at 5%. The results indicated that GLN differed in both the group (P < 0.001) and between the phases of supplementation (P < 0.001), but no interaction occurred between them (P > 0.05). Significant changes in GLN levels were also observed in the 4% inclusion treatment compared to all the treatments in the fasting phase and in the + 60 min and +240 min phases of the control group (P < 0.05). All the other biomarkers analyzed here were unchanged (Glutamate, Urea, Creatinine, Urea, TPP, Glucose and Hematocrit) (P > 0.05) during the period under analysis, and remained within the normal range for the species in their current stabling conditions. The mares presented no clinical problems nor did they change their feeding behavior during the supplementation period or on the days blood was collected.Discussion: Glutamine metabolism in horses has yet to be extensively studied.  However, it has been shown that, when supplied to horses in its free form, this amino acid causes Gln levels to rise rapidly within the first 90 min of the postprandial period.  This indicates that an extra amount of this amino acid may increase Gln blood levels despite intense degradation of enterocytes. This study found that supplementation with a combination of Gln+Glu can increase blood Gln levels after 6 h in the treatment involving 4% Gln+Glu included in the concentrate (P < 0.05) In conclusion, supplementation with GLN+GLU raised the mares’ GLN levels after 360 min when 4% of GLN+GLU was included in their diet. These results may be used to establish GLN supplementation models for horses. 

High Heels sebagai Agensi bagi Tubuh Wanita

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sunandar Macpal ◽  
Fathianabilla Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Heels ◽  
Experience Pain ◽  
Woman's Body

The aims of this paper is to explain the use of high heels as an agency for a woman's body. Agency context refers to pain in the body but pain is perceived as something positive. In this paper, the method used is a literature review by reviewing writings related to the use of high heels. The findings in this paper that women experience body image disturbance or anxiety because they feel themselves are not beautiful or not attractive. The use of high heels, makes women more attractive and more confident, on the other hand the use of high heels actually makes women feel pain and discomfort. However, for the achievement of beauty standards, women voluntarily allow their bodies to experience pain. However, the agency's willingness to beauty standards here is meaningless without filtering and directly accepted. Instead women keep negotiating with themselves so as to make a decision why use high heels.

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

Oxytocin analogues with non-coded amino acid residues in position 8: [8-Neopentylglycine]oxytocin and [8-cycloleucine]oxytocin

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 2317-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hlaváček ◽  
Jan Pospíšek ◽  
Jiřina Slaninová ◽  
Walter Y. Chan ◽  
Victor J. Hruby
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Solid Phase Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fragment Condensation

[8-Neopentylglycine]oxytocin (II) and [8-cycloleucine]oxytocin (III) were prepared by a combination of solid-phase synthesis and fragment condensation. Both analogues exhibited decreased uterotonic potency in vitro, each being about 15-30% that of oxytocin. Analogue II also displayed similarly decreased uterotonic potency in vivo and galactogogic potency. On the other hand, analogue III exhibited almost the same potency as oxytocin in the uterotonic assay in vivo and in the galactogogic assay.

Comparison of the Potency of 8-L-Arginine, 8-D-Arginine and 8-D-Homoarginine Vasopressin Analogs with Substituted Phenylalanine in Position 2

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1439-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Žertová ◽  
Jiřina Slaninová ◽  
Zdenko Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Solid Phase Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Basic Amino Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Inhibitory Potency ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

An analysis of the uterotonic potencies of all analogs having substituted L- or D-tyrosine or -phenylalanine in position 2 and L-arginine, D-arginine or D-homoarginine in position 8 was made. The series of analogs already published was completed by the solid phase synthesis of ten new analogs having L- or D-Phe, L- or D-Phe(2-Et), L- or D-Phe(2,4,6-triMe) or D-Tyr(Me) in position 2 and either L- or D-arginine in position 8. All newly synthesized analogs were found to be uterotonic inhibitors. Deamination increases both the agonistic and antagonistic potency. In the case of phenylalanine analogs the change of configuration from L to D in position 2 enhances the uterotonic inhibition for more than 1 order of magnitude. The L to D change in position 8 enhances the inhibitory potency negligibly. Prolongation of the side chain of the D-basic amino acid in position 8 seems to decrease slightly the inhibitory potency if there is L-substituted amino acid in position 2. On the other hand there is a tendency to the increase of the inhibitory potency if there is D-substituted amino acid in position 2.

scholarly journals Ghrelin and orexin levels in infertile male: evaluation of effects on varicocele pathophysiology, relationship seminal and hormonal parameter

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Üçler Kısa ◽  
M. Murad Başar ◽  
Timuçin Şipal ◽  
Özlem Doğan Ceylan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infertile Male ◽  
Seminal Parameters ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Serum Ghrelin ◽  
Infertile Patients ◽  
Group 1

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate serum ghrelin and orexin levels in patients with varicocele and compare these levels with idiopathic infertile male and healthy control cases.MethodsThis study enrolled 24 men with varicocele, 24 males having idiopathic infertility, and 21 fertile men as the control group. Hormonal analyses, ghrelin and orexin levels were measured samples. Semen was analyzed after 3 and 5 days of sexual abstinence.ResultsSerum ghrelin levels were statistically different among the three groups (p=0.015), and it was due to a statistically lower level in group-1 than the level in the control cases (p=0.012). On the other hand, serum orexin levels were lower than healthy subjects in infertile groups with/without varicocele, but there was no difference (p=0.685) among three groups. Serum ghrelin level showed a negative and significant correlation only with sperm motility (r=−0.646, p=0.022), there was no correlation with other parameters. On the other hand, serum orexin levels did not show a significant correlation with seminal parameters.ConclusionBoth new investigated peptides ghrelin and orexin have regulatory effects on testicular function. However, ghrelin has a more obvious and complex effect on spermatogenesis. Impaired seminal parameters, especially motility was associated with increased serum ghrelin levels in infertile patients, especially with varicocele.

scholarly journals Towards a Kenotic Identity Politics: Migration, Transformation and the Eucharist

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Matthew John Paul Tan
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Eucharistic Theology ◽  
Critical Tradition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Massive Influx ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The One

This paper will focus on one element of the pushback against the massive influx of immigrants taken in for humanitarian purposes, namely, an identity-based chauvinism which uses identity as the point of resistance to the perceived dilution of that identity, brought about by the transformation of culture induced by the incorporation of a foreign other. The solution to this perceived dilution is a simultaneous defence of that culture and a demand for a conformity to it. While those in the critical tradition have encouraged a counter-position of revolutionary transformation by the other through ethics, dialogue, or the multitude, such a transformation is arguably impeded by what is ultimately a repetition of the metaphysics of conformity. Drawing on the personalism of Emmanuel Mounier and the Eucharistic theology of Creston Davis and Aaron Riches, this paper submits an alternative identity politics position that completes the revolutionary impulse. Identity here is not the flashpoint of a self-serving conflict, but the launch-point of politics of self-emptying, whose hallmarks include, on the one hand, a never-ending reception of transformation by the other, and on the other hand, an anchoring in the Body of Christ that is at once ever-changing and never-changing.

scholarly journals Decreased ligand affinity rather than glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome

2000 ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Huizenga ◽  
WW De Herder ◽  
JW Koper ◽  
P de Lange ◽  
D AJ v Lely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Ligand Affinity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Receptor Number ◽  
Cortisol Levels

OBJECTIVE: Glucocorticoids (GCs) serve a variety of important functions throughout the body. The synthesis and secretion of GCs are under the strict influence of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. The mechanisms of action of GCs are mediated by the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Over the years, many studies have been performed concerning the regulation of GR expression by GC concentrations. METHODS: In the present study, we determined the characteristics of the GR in peripheral mononuclear blood leukocytes (PBML) from thirteen patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and fifteen control subjects, using a whole cell dexamethasone binding assay. Furthermore, cortisol concentrations were determined in order to investigate a possible relationship between serum cortisol levels and receptor characteristics. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean receptor number between patients and controls. On the other hand, a significantly lower ligand affinity was identified in cells from patients with Cushing's syndrome compared with controls. A complete normalisation of the ligand affinity was observed after treatment in the only patient tested in this respect, whereas the receptor number was not affected. In patients, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between cortisol concentrations and ligand affinity, which was not found in controls. CONCLUSION: Receptor down-regulation does not occur in PBML from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome. On the other hand, there seems to be a diminished ligand affinity which possibly reflects receptor modification in response to exposure to the continuously high cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. This assumption is substantiated by the fact that in one patient a normalisation of the ligand affinity after complete remission of the disease was seen.

EFFECTS OF LYSINE INFUSION PER ABOMASUM OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms

Four dairy steers were allotted to four lysine infusion levels in a 4 × 4 latin square design and fed an 11.5% crude protein (90% dry matter (DM)) diet continuously (10-min intervals every 24 hr). Lysine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 g lysine per day was infused per abomasum. When 9 g lysine were infused per day, the percent of absorbed nitrogen (N) retained was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; urinary N excretion as a percentage of N intake and plasma-free lysine were increased significantly compared with the other three infusion treatments. The infusion of 9 g lysine per day apparently exceeded the body tissue requirements for this amino acid and the excess N was excreted in the urine. A possibility of lysine being limiting (0.28% lysine of a 100% DM diet) was apparently offset by the synthesis of lysine by rumen microorganisms, which increased the dietary lysine two- to threefold. Increased levels of infused lysine did not result in a linear increase of lysine in the abomasum. With 3 g per day lysine infusion rumen ammonia and N retentions were high. However, a smaller amount of N reached the abomasum with steers on this treatment.

Electrical interactions between the giant axons of a polychaete worm (Sabella penicillus L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
D. Mellon ◽  
J. E. Treherne ◽  
N. J. Lane ◽  
J. B. Harrison ◽  
C. K. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Safety Factor ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Giant Axons ◽  
Other Hand

Intracellular recordings demonstrated a transfer of impulses between the paired giant axons of Sabella, apparently along narrow axonal processes contained within the paired commissures which link the nerve cords in each segment of the body. This transfer appears not to be achieved by chemical transmission, as has been previously supposed. This is indicated by the spread of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing voltage changes between the giant axons, the lack of effects of changes in the concentrations of external divalent cations on impulse transmission and by the effects of hyperpolarization in reducing the amplitude of the depolarizing potential which precedes the action potentials in the follower axon. The ten-to-one attenuation of electronic potentials between the giant axons argues against the possibility of an exclusively passive spread of potential along the axonal processes which link the axons. Observation of impulse traffic within the nerve cord commissures indicates, on the other hand, that transmission is achieved by conduction of action potentials along the axonal processes which link the giant axons. At least four pairs of intact commissures are necessary for inter-axonal transmission, the overall density of current injected at multiple sites on the follower axon being, it is presumed, sufficient to overcome the reduction in safety factor imposed by the geometry of the system in the region where axonal processes join the giant axons. The segmental transmission between the giant axons ensures effective synchronization of impulse traffic initiated in any region of the body and, thus, co-ordination of muscular contraction, during rapid withdrawal responses of the worm.

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