scholarly journals Uncommon ground

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Macagno ◽  
Alessandro Capone
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Presupposition Triggers ◽  
Presumptive Reasoning ◽  
Complex Cases

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show how microargumentation mechanisms of presumptive reasoning and reasoning from best explanation can be used to explain some cases of presupposition suspension. It will be shown how the relationship between presupposition triggers and pragmatic presuppositions can be analyzed in terms of presumptive and nonpresumptive polyphonic articulation of an utterance, resulting in different types of commitments for the interlocutors. This approach is grounded on the two interconnected notions of presumptions and commitments. In some complex cases of presupposition suspension, the speaker presumes the hearer’s acceptance of, and commitment to, propositions that do not belong to the common ground or that have been explicitly rejected as being commonly shared. This phenomenon triggers a complex type of reasoning that can be represented as kind of abduction, grounded on hierarchies of presumptions and aimed at providing an interpretation that solves this conflict of presumptions. Several cases of presupposition suspension will be shown to result from nonpresumptive polyphonic articulations, in which different voices responsible for distinct commitments are distinguished. By indirectly reporting an element of discourse, the speaker can refuse to take responsibility for the presupposed proposition, and correct the commitments that may result for him or her. This polyphonic treatment of utterances can explain how and why a presupposition is suspended, and can be used to identify the conflicting presumptions that can be further solved through reasoning from best explanation. This reasoning can result in a different reconstruction of the developed logical form or the illocutionary force of an utterance.

scholarly journals Computing the meaning of the assertive speech act by a software agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Software Agent ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Situation Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the nature of the assertive speech act of Irish. We examine the syntactical constructional form of the assertive to identify its constructional signature. We consider the speech act as a construction whose meaning as an utterance depends on the framing situation and context, along with the common ground of the interlocutors. We identify how the assertive speech act is formalised to make it computer tractable for a software agent to compute its meaning, taking into account the contribution of situation, context and a dynamic common ground. Belief, desire and intention play a role in <em>what is meant</em> as against <em>what is said</em>. The nature of knowledge, and how it informs common ground, is explored along with the relationship between knowledge and language. Computing the meaning of a speech act in the situation requires us to consider the level of the interaction of all these dimensions. We argue that the contribution of lexicon and grammar, with the recognition of belief, desire and intentions in the situation type and associated illocutionary force, sociocultural conventions of the interlocutors along with their respective general and cultural knowledge, their common ground and other sources of contextual information are all important for representing meaning in communication. We show that the influence of the situation, context and common ground feeds into the utterance meaning derivation. The ‘<em>what is said’</em> is reflected in the event and its semantics, while the ‘<em>what is meant’</em> is derived at a higher level of abstraction within a situation.

The History of Emotions and Nationalism Studies: a Сognitive Turn in Contemporary Historiography

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Olga Vorobieva
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
National Character ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Common ◽  
Constructivist Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the cognitive potential of the history of emotions in the study of nationalism in historiographical discussions of 1990—2000s. The authors analyze the works, which criticize constructivist approaches and problematize the relationship between nationalism, “national character”, “emotional mode” and everyday behavioral practices. Based on P. Bourdieu&apos;s concept of ‘habitus’ and its modification in N. Elias&apos;s historical sociology, the article highlights the common ground and productive interaction between histories of emotion and nationalism studies. This reciprocal movement is interpreted as a symptom of the search for a common conceptual platform and vocabulary for the mutual translation of their research practices. The authors believe that a productive trend within this dialogue could be a more active address to cognitive studies advocating a rethinking of the relationship between individual consciousness and collective regimes of knowledge-power of sentimental, modern and “post-modern” eras.

scholarly journals Research on Mediating Mechanisms and the Impact on Food Provision Services in Poor Areas from the Perspective of Stakeholders

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10510
Author(s):  
Tianwei Geng ◽  
Hai Chen ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Qinqin Shi ◽  
Hang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Food Provision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Exploring and analyzing the common demands and behavioral responses of different stakeholders is important for revealing the mediating mechanisms of ecosystem service (ES) and realizing the management and sustainable supply of ES. This study took Mizhi County, a poverty-stricken area on the Loess Plateau in China, as an example. First, the main stakeholders, common demands, and behavioral responses in the food provision services were identified. Second, the relationship among stakeholders was analyzed. Finally, this study summarized three types of mediating mechanisms of food provision services and analyzed the influence of the different types of mediating mechanisms. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Five main stakeholders in the study area were identified: government, farmers, enterprises, cooperatives, and middlemen. (2) Increasing farmers’ income is the common demand of most stakeholders in the study area, and this common demand has different effects on the behavioral responses of different stakeholders. (3) There are three types of mediating mechanisms in the study area: government + farmers mediating corn and mutton, government + enterprises mediating millet, and government + cooperatives mediating apples. On this basis, the effects of the different types of mediating mechanisms on variations in food yield, and trade-offs and synergies in typical townships, were analyzed.

15. Business Organizations

2019 ◽  
pp. 421-451
Author(s):  
Lucy Jones
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Limited Partnership ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Limited Liability Partnership ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the common types of business organizations and explains the difference between unincorporated and incorporated businesses. The three types of partnership arrangements are considered, namely a general (ordinary) partnership, a limited partnership, and a limited liability partnership. The chapter includes discussion of the rules relating to partnerships under the Partnership Act 1890 and the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000. It explains how different types of partnerships may be set up and looks at the relationship between partners and the relationship between partnerships and outsiders. It considers the dissolution of the different types of partnerships. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different types of companies and the separate legal personality of companies.

15. Business Organisations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Jones
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Partnership ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Limited Liability Partnership ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the common types of business organisations and explains the difference between unincorporated and incorporated businesses. The three types of partnership arrangements are considered, namely a general (ordinary) partnership, a limited partnership, and a limited liability partnership. The chapter includes discussion of the rules relating to partnerships under the Partnership Act 1890 and the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000. It explains how different types of partnerships may be set up and looks at the relationship between partners and the relationship between partnerships and outsiders. It considers the dissolution of the different types of partnerships. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different types of companies and the separate legal personality of companies.

scholarly journals INTERPRETING RUH AS AN ECOLOGICAL SPIRITUALITY IN RELATION TO ISLAM AND JAVA MYSTICISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Ecological Spirituality ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ecological Behavior ◽  
Human And Nature ◽  
The Relationship

This research aims to explain about the acculturation of Islam and Javanese wisdom in interpreting ruh (spirit) as an ecological behavior in dealing with natural disaster and exploitative activities. The concept of spirit refers to the awareness to interpret the relationship between human and nature as a living macrocosm unit. The awareness, in Islam, is a dimension of Sufi that blends with nature, such as Javanese philosophy on the principle of the unity of nature. It employs descriptive analytical method by integrating theo-sufistic paradigm to find a turning point in the common ground between Islam and Java in preserving the nature. The analysis goes into three conclusions: 1) the concept of spirit in Islam is a representation of one’s love with nature as the manifestation of love with God in its essence; 2) Javanese beliefs and rituals in ruh as a living and valuable existence signified in mystical mythology for being haunted and sacred serves as theo-sufistic expressions of Islam and Java; 3) spirituality of the spirit generates awareness of the philosophy of Sangkan Paraning Dumadi, to live in harmony and balance between humans and nature. Penelitian ini ingin menjelaskan tentang akulturasi Islam dan kearifan Jawa dalam memaknai ruh sebagai perilaku ekologis dalam menangani kerusakan alam dan aktivitas eksploitatif. Konsep ruh yang dimaksud adalah kesadaran memaknai hubungan manusia dan alam sebagai satu kesatuan makrokosmos yang hidup. Kesadaran tersebut dalam Islam merupakan dimensi sufistik yang menyatu dengan alam sebagaimana falsafah Jawa tentang prinsip kesatuan alam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan integratif dalam paradigma teo-sufistik untuk menemukan titik balik persamaan persepsi antara Islam dan Jawa dalam memelihara alam hayati. Hasilnya,  pertama, konsep ruh dalam Islam adalah representasi dari mencintai alam sebagai manfestasi mencintai Tuhan dengan dzatnya. Kedua, keyakinan dan ritual yang dilakukan masyarakat Jawa atas ruh sebagai eksistensi yang hidup dan memberi manfaat yang mewujud dalam mitologis mistik yang disebut angker dan sakral sebagai ekspresi teo-sufistik Islam dan Jawa. Ketiga, spiritualitas ruh memberikan kesadaran dalam filosofi Jawa tentang Sangkan Paraning Dumadi sebagai makna hidup untuk dapat serasi dan seimbang antara manusia dan alam.

THE MAKING OF CHRONICLES AND THE MAKING OF ENGLAND: THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLES AFTER ALFRED Prothero Lecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Old English ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Continuous Narrative ◽  
King Alfred ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTBetween c. 900 and the mid-twelfth century, a series of Old English vernacular chronicles were produced, growing out of the text produced at the court of King Alfred. These chronicles are collectively known as ‘the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’. They have long been accorded fundamental status in the English national story. No others have shaped our view of the origins of England between the fifth and eleventh centuries to the same extent. They provide between them the only continuous narrative of this period. They are the story that has made England. This paper deals with the relationship between that story, these texts and England: how they have been read and edited – made – in the context of the English national story since the sixteenth century; but also their relationship to, the part they may have played in, the original making of the English kingdom. The focus is on developments during the tenth and eleventh centuries, when a political unit more or less equivalent to the England we now know emerged. It is argued that these texts were the ideological possession and expression of the southern English elite, especially of bishops and archbishops, at this critical period of kingdom-making. Special attention is given to their possible role in the incorporation of Northumbria into that kingdom. These chronicles were made by scribes a millennium ago, and to some extent have been reworked by modern editors from the sixteenth century on. They are daunting in their complexity. The differences between them are as important as the common ground they share. Understanding the making of these foundational texts has its own light to shed on the making of England.

scholarly journals From Johann to Maurice: Science and Expression in the Philosophical Praxis of Medicine

Human Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm Heinbokel
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Embodied Perception ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPhenomenology’s return to lived experience and “to the things themselves” is often contrasted with the synthesized perspective of science and its “view from nowhere.” The extensive use of neuropsychological case reports in Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, however, suggests that the relationship between phenomenology and science is more complex than a sheer opposition, and a fruitful one for the praxis of medicine. Here, I propose a new reading of how Merleau-Ponty justifies his use of Adhémar Gelb and Kurt Goldstein’s reports on Johann Schneider for his phenomenology of embodied perception. I argue that for Merleau-Ponty these neuropsychological case reports represent a coherent deformation of the intercorporeally expressed existence of Schneider that through speech fall again onto the common ground of perception, thereby allowing Merleau-Ponty to understand, in the equivalent sense delivered by language, Schneider’s total being and fundamental illness. I then discuss what Merleau-Ponty’s method implies for a phenomenological praxis of medicine, and for the role of science in this praxis.

scholarly journals THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND FASHION

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 525-539
Author(s):  
Nawras Odai ALI ◽  
Ziad Odaa REBEH
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Fashion Design ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Fashion Designers ◽  
The Relationship

The researchers studied the interplay between architecture and fashion and highlighted the common ground between architecture and fashion design. To enhance visual communication and interest. The study consisted of four chapters, the first of which focused on its methodological framework, in which its problem was determined by the following question: And what's the relationship between them? The purpose of the study was to uncover the relationship between architecture and fashion design and their mutual influence. The second focused on the relationship between fashion design and architectural design characteristics, while the third concerned fashion designers affected by architecture in their work either. (Research procedures) The research methods adopted by the researchers included: By describing the forms of architecture and analyzing the relationship between architecture and fashion design, being a suitable methodology for studying them and completing the study, the researchers identified a set of results that were consistent with the importance, purpose and purpose of the study. 1. The characteristics of architecture and costumes, whether parallel or interrelated or based on a mutual relationship, were originally established for the comfort and beauty of man depending on the dimensions of his body. The study was then concluded with conclusions, recommendations and a list of sources‎.

scholarly journals Love in the Time of Cholera: Latent Love Depictions within a Treatise of Courtly Love

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Eliana Garzón-Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Courtly Love ◽  
Roland Barthes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The present article aims at displaying the different types of love bonds implicit in García Márquez’s Love in the Time of Cholera. The relationship of complicity, courting, marriage, wait, and encounter of the lovers are the expressions through which the author represents latent love manifestations within the frame of a treatise of courtly love. This article analyzes the realistic and practical signs of love García Márquez uses to recreate the common situations any couple can live in a relationship. The common patterns found in this novel corroborate the unique writing style of the Colombian Nobel Prize of Literature and the connections with his other novels. The theoretical approaches of Roland Barthes in A lover’s discourse: Fragments and Ovid in The art of love help construct the basis of interpretation of the love relationships represented in this novel. Statements of Gurméndez and Charbonneau also support the concepts of depersonalization and sacrifice inside marriage and the role memories play in the wait. This article pays attention to three different couples present in the novel and researches on the type of relationship they build and the implications and particular conditions they have. All of them with remarkable features to be studied to understand the realism of love in the words of García Márquez.  

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