27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing between the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions, and social security. Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant, and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

CALCULATION OF SNOW HEIGHT (HS) AND SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (SWE) AT KEY POINTS OF THE NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN REGION FROM SENTINEL-2 SATELLITE IMAGES

The article presents a comparative assessment of the snow height (HS) in the Limited Liability Partnership "North Kazakhstan Agricultural Experimental Station" using three different approaches of calculation of Snow Cover Fraction (SCF) with further determination of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) from the one hand and in-situ prospective from the other. It was clear that the quadratic formula of SCF calculation provide better and reliable outcomes with an RMSE 1.36 cm which is followed by linear (12.06 cm) and exponential approaches (12.86). The lowest water level was 9 mm, the average level was about 50 mm, and the highest level was up to 62 mm, according to the SWE map produced by the quadratic equation while the highest, average and the lowest snow height (HS) have reached up to 28 cm, 13 cm and 5 cm respectively. Based on the results and the accuracy obtained, we strongly recommend to use the given methodology in the whole northern and central regions of Kazakhstan to estimate the amount of snow for the further hydrological plans and decisions.

11 Other Petitioners

A company may petition for itself to be wound up by the court. The same applies to a building society, an incorporated friendly society, a limited liability partnership (LLP), and any other entity that may be wound up as a registered company. A company’s power to petition for its own winding up may be exercised by its directors, at least if the company has passed a special resolution that the company be wound up by the court, that being a circumstance in which the court may make a winding-up order. A petition by a company for its own compulsory winding up will usually rely on the circumstance that a special resolution has been adopted that the company be wound up by the court. When a resolution for compulsory winding up has been adopted, the court retains a discretion whether or not to make a winding-up order.

Modernization imposed: SOM’s practice in China – A case study of Wuhan

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Limited Liability Partnership as one of the best ‘localized’ overseas design companies in China, has participated in more than ten large-scale urban design projects in Wuhan, which has greatly changed the urban image and architectural style of Wuhan. Its space model of ‘grid road system + high-rise building’ replaces the traditional urban pattern of ‘street + residence’, causing huge cultural conflicts and historical rupture. Based on the planning of Wuhan Hanzheng street as an example, this paper attempts to uncover the cause of formation, the motivation mechanism of ‘grid road system + high-rise buildings’ space model, and to explore how Chinese cities realize the urban modernization with Chinese characteristics.

D. Other legal forms for business

This chapter discusses various general-purpose legal forms for carrying on business. It starts with the simplest form of all, sole proprietorship (or self-employment). Two or more persons carrying on a business or profession in common with a view of profit are in partnership, which has developed into the sophisticated form of the limited liability partnership. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the various lesser used forms of company which can be registered under the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006). These are guarantee companies, unlimited companies and community interest companies. The chapter also discusses how re-registration can be used to transform various types of company into other types.

Preparation of Polymer Bitumen Binder in the Presence of a Stabilizer

The article presents the results of research on the production of polymer-bitumen binder (PBB) based on mixtures of non-oxidized and oxidized petroleum products, namely high-viscosity tar, darkened vacuum distillate, and oxidized petroleum bitumen 70/100, obtained at technological installations of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) “JV Caspi Bitum’’ and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer brand L 30-01A modifier in the presence of a stabilizer. The results obtained show that the introduction of the SBS modifier in the presence of a sulfur stabilizer improves the performance characteristics of PBB, such as elasticity, ductility, softening temperature, penetration, and brittleness temperature.

1. Business structures

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the four principal business structures in the UK, namely the sole proprietorship, ordinary partnership, limited liability partnership (LLP), and company. The LLP and the company are created via a process called incorporation and are therefore known as incorporated business structures or, as they are referred to in their respective statutes, as ‘bodies corporate’. The sole proprietorship and the ordinary partnership are not created via incorporation and so are known as unincorporated business structures.

27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing between the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions, and social security. Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant, and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.