Analysis of Protein Expression along the Normal to Tension Wood Gradient in Eucalyptus gunnii

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Plomion ◽  
C. Pionneau ◽  
H. Baillères
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Growth Strain ◽  
Silver Nitrate Staining ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Abstract This paper examines the contribution of various xylem proteins to wood formation in Eucalyptus gunnii. Proteins were extracted from differentiating xylem harvested from a crooked tree, separated by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, visualised by silver nitrate staining and analysed with a computer-assisted system for single protein spot quantification. Growth strain measurements allowed xylem samples to be classified quantitatively from tension wood to normal wood. Regression of lignin content on growth strain showed that a decrease in lignin content corresponded to decreasing growth strain values, i.e., presence of tension wood. Out of the 140 studied protein spots, 12 were significantly associated with growth strain: 7 being less abundant in tension wood and 5 being more abundant in tension wood. A clustered-correlation analysis was performed to study protein expression simultaneously along the gradient of gravistimulated stressed xylem tissue. Proteins were found to form “expression clusters”.

scholarly journals Protein expression in tension wood formation monitored at high tissue resolution in Populus

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (13) ◽  
pp. 3405-3417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Bygdell ◽  
Vaibhav Srivastava ◽  
Ogonna Obudulu ◽  
Manoj K Srivastava ◽  
Robert Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Formation

The Relationship between Longitudinal Growth Strain, Tree Form and Tension Wood at the Stem Periphery of Ten- to Eleven-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Washusen ◽  
J. Ilic ◽  
G. Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Growth Strain ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Multiple Measurements ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The potential for growth strain measurements for detection of tension wood was assessed in trees from two plantations of 10- to 11-year-old Eucalyptus globulus. Tension wood had commonly developed at or near the stem periphery of straight, vertical and dominant trees. At a localized level growth strain was found to be a good indicator of tension wood. However, in some cases moderate to low growth strain was also detected in some trees where tension wood had been overgrown with small amounts of normal wood. On a whole tree basis the relationship was not as clear. In this case growth strain values determined from multiple measurements appear to be influenced primarily by tissue close to the site of measurements and not by wood at relatively remote locations. In some cases low growth strain values were found in trees with significant tension wood and in others high growth strain values where little tension wood had developed.

scholarly journals Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveal the Cellulose and Pectin Metabolic Processes in the Tension Wood (Non-G-Layer) of Catalpa bungei

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Fei Yi ◽  
Juanjuan Ling ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Pectin Degradation ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Pectin Content ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Catalpa Bungei

Catalpa bungei is an economically important tree with high-quality wood and highly valuable to the study of wood formation. In this work, the xylem microstructure of C. bungei tension wood (TW) was observed, and we performed transcriptomics, proteomics and Raman spectroscopy of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW). The results showed that there was no obvious gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the TW of C. bungei and that the secondary wall deposition in the TW was reduced compared with that in the OW and NW. We found that most of the differentially expressed mRNAs and proteins were involved in carbohydrate polysaccharide synthesis. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the cellulose and pectin content and pectin methylation in the TW were lower than those in the OW and NW, and many genes and proteins involved in the metabolic pathways of cellulose and pectin, such as galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), polygalacturonase (PG), endoglucanase (CLE) and β-glucosidase (BGLU) genes, were significantly upregulated in TW. In addition, we found that the MYB2 transcription factor may regulate the pectin degradation genes PG1 and PG3, and ARF, ERF, SBP and MYB1 may be the key transcription factors regulating the synthesis and decomposition of cellulose. In contrast to previous studies on TW with a G-layer, our results revealed a change in metabolism in TW without a G-layer, and we inferred that the change in the pectin type, esterification and cellulose characteristics in the TW of C. bungei may contribute to high tensile stress. These results will enrich the understanding of the mechanism of TW formation.

Changes in xylem tissue and laccase transcript abundance associated with posture recovery in Chamaecyparis obtusa saplings growing on an incline

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Sato ◽  
Hideto Hiraide ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and is synthesised through oxidative polymerisation of monolignols. The transcription level of laccase, an enzyme implicated in monolignol polymerisation, is higher in the tissue forming compression wood than in normal wood. Compression wood, which is a special xylem tissue that develops to reorient inclined stems, also has a higher lignin content than normal wood. In the present study, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. saplings were grown on an incline and the following variables were tracked for 10 weeks: posture recovery of the saplings; development of xylem tissue on the lower side of inclined stems; and the transcription level of laccase. The posture of saplings approached vertical after 8 weeks, the development of compression wood reached a peak around 6 weeks and laccase transcription was the highest after 4 weeks. These results suggest a sequence of righting mechanisms. Inclination stimulates an increase in the abundance of laccase transcript and this increase encourages the formation of compression wood. The accumulation of compression wood then causes the stem to bend upward.

scholarly journals Viscoelastic properties of green wood across the grain measured by harmonic tests in the range 0–95°C: Hardwood vs. softwood and normal wood vs. reaction wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Placet ◽  
Joëlle Passard ◽  
Patrick Perré
Keyword(s):  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Wood Compression

Abstract The viscoelastic properties of wood have been investigated with a dynamic mechanical analyser specifically developed for wooden materials, the WAVET device. Measurements were carried out on four wood species in the temperature range 0–100°C at frequencies varying between 5 mHz and 10 Hz. Wood samples were tested under water-saturated conditions in the radial and tangential directions. As expected, the radial direction always revealed a higher storage modulus than the tangential direction. Great differences were also observed in the loss factor. The tanδ peak and internal friction were higher in the tangential than in the radial direction. This behaviour is attributed to the fact that anatomical elements act as a function of the direction. The viscoelastic behaviour of reaction wood differs from that of normal or opposite wood. Compression wood of spruce, which has a higher lignin content, is denser and stiffer in transverse directions than normal wood, and has a lower softening temperature (T g). In tension wood, the G-layer is weakly attached to the rest of the wall layers. This may explain why the storage modulus and softening temperature of tension wood are lower than those for opposite wood. We also demonstrate that the time-temperature equivalence fits only around the transition region, i.e., between T g and T g+30°C. Apart from these regions, the response of wood reflects the combined effects of all its constitutive polymers, so that the equivalence is no longer valid.

NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Balakshin ◽  
Ewellyn A. Capanema ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
John F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Coherence ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Multiple Quantum ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid

Abstract The composition of mature, juvenile uninfested and juvenile infested Fraser fir wood (Rotholz) and the structures of lignins isolated from these woods were elucidated to verify differences between juvenile and mature wood and the effect of balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) infestation. Milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from mature, juvenile and Rotholz wood were comprehensively characterized using heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) and quantitative 13C NMR techniques. The Rotholz wood was found to have ∼13% higher lignin content and more than five-fold the amount of galactans than that of the uninfested wood. Rotholz lignin possesses higher amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units and aliphatic OH groups and a lower amount of alkyl-O-alkyl linkages and dibenzodioxocin moieties. The degree of condensation of the Rotholz lignin was rather similar to that of normal wood. Only small differences in the structure of mature and juvenile wood components were found.

The nature of reaction wood. IV. Variations in cell wall organization of tension wood fibres

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Cell Wall Organization

The cell wall organization, the cell wall texture, and the degree of lignification of tension wood fibres have been investigated in a wide variety of temperate and tropical species. Following earlier work describing the cell wall structure of tension wood fibres, two additional types of cell wall organization have been observed. In one of these, the inner thick "gelatinous" layer which is typical of tension wood fibres exists in addition to the normal three-layered structure of the secondary wall; in the other only the outer layer of the secondary wall and the thick gelatinous layer are present. In all the tension wood examined the micellar orientation in the inner gelatinous layer has been shown to be nearly axial and the cellulose of this layer found to be in a highly crystalline state. A general argument is presented as to the meaning of differences in the degree, of crystallinity of cellulose. The high degree of crystallinity of cellulose in tension wood as compared with normal wood is attributed to a greater degree of lateral order in the crystalline regions of tension wood, whereas the paracrystalline phase is similar in both cases. The degree of lignification in tension wood fibres has been shown to be extremely variable. However, where the degree of tension wood development is marked as revealed by the thickness of the gelatinous layer the lack of lignification is also most marked. Severity of tension wood formation and lack of lignification have also been correlated with the incidence of irreversible collapse in tension wood. Such collapse can occur even when no whole fibres are present, e.g. in thin cross sections. Microscopic examination of collapsed samples of tension wood has led to the conclusion that the appearance of collapse in specimens containing tendon wood can often be attributed in part to excessive shrinkage associated with the development of fissures between cells, although true collapse does also occur. Possible explanations of the irreversible shrinkage and collapse of tension wood fibres are advanced.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism of white mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Bilonozhko ◽  
A. M. Rabokon ◽  
A. S. Postovoitova ◽  
L. O. Kalafat ◽  
N. S. Boiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Intron Length ◽  
Intron Length Polymorphism ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Silver Nitrate Staining ◽  
Dna Profiles ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Β Tubulin

Aim. The aim of the study was to establish genetic differences between V. album growing in different parts of Ukraine. Methods. White mistletoe samples collected in different regions of Ukraine were used in the study. The method of estimating the intron length polymorphism of β-tubulin genes was used. Amplified DNA fragments were fractionated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver nitrate staining. Results. The genotypes of 91 white mistletoe plants were analyzed. DNA profiles of white mistletoe with a specific amplicons of β-tubulin gene introns were obtained, which allowed to differentiate the samples from each other. Fingerprinting data were used for cluster analysis and dendrogram construction. Conclusions. It was found that the analyzed mistletoe samples did not differ by geographical factor and were characterized by a low level of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Keywords: Viscum album L., intron length polymorphism, β-tubulin, genetic variability, Ukraine.

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