Detection of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds in four brown rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup ◽  
Trine Østergaard Jensen ◽  
Bo Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Agar Plate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Reducing Capacity

Abstract The presence of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds has been evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in the four brown rot fungi Meruliporia incrassata (M. incrassata), Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), Coniophora puteana (C. puteana) and Serpula lacrymans (S. lacrymans). Samples of actively growing mycelium from liquid growth media, decayed wood, and agar plate cultures were in focus. Iron-chelating compounds were found in all four species, with the highest reactivity in G. trabeum and S. lacrymans, and the lowest in M. incrassata. Iron-reducing activity, measured in the liquid medium, was found in all four fungi. However, in wood extractions, S. lacrymans was not effective in this regard, although the agar grown mycelium of this fungus showed the highest iron-reducing capacity of the four. The presence of both catecholate and hydroxamate chelators was detected in all four species. G. trabeum showed the highest concentration overall of extracellular chelators, including both catecholate and hydroxamate derivatives.

Changes in Swelling and Water Absorption of Wood Degraded by Brown Rot Fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
pp. 818-822
Author(s):  
Jiří Frankl
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans

This paper presents results of experimental laboratory establishment of changes in physical properties (swelling, water absorption) of timber (spruce, pine, oak) caused by wood-destroying fungi (Serpula lacrymans, Stereum hirsutum). The experiment was carried out using standard test samples (20x20x30 mm) prepared from new timber and subsequently exposed to the wood-destroying fungi under optimal growth conditions for the period of 10 to 30 days. Changes in physical properties were observed in the damaged samples in compliance with CSN 490126 (equivalent to ISO 4859-1982, equivalent to ISO 4860-1982) and CSN 490104 Czech National Standards. The experiment proved changes in the observed properties depending on the wood and fungi species and the duration of the exposure.

scholarly journals Effect of acidity on growth rate and stroma formation of Monilia fructigena and M. polystroma isolates

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Apple Fruits

The effect of acidity (pH) ranges on the mycelial growth and stroma formation of Monilia fructigena Pers: Fr. and of M. polystroma van Leeuwen was determined on agar plates and apple fruits. Four isolates of each of the brown rot fungi and two apple cultivars, `James Grieve' and 'Cox's Orange Pippin', were used for the study. For the agar plate study, a range of the initial pH was prepared from 2.5 to 6.5. The dishes were inoculated with a 4 mm plug of each isolate and incubated at 23 °C in darkness. The mycelial growth was measured after 1.5, 4, 7, 10 and 20 days of incubation. After a 30-day incubation, stroma formation was determined by image analysis and weighing of mature stroma. In the fruit experiment, both cultivars were inoculated with one isolate of M. fructigena and of M. polystroma. The pH changes were determined after 7, 14, 28 and 35 days of incubation in both healthy and inoculated fruits. The fastest mycelial growth was at pH 4.5 for M. polystroma and at pH 3.5 for M. fructigena. After a 30-day incubation, M. polystroma isolates produced twice or three times more stroma compared to M. fructigena isolates. For both brown rot fungi, the amount of mature stroma increased from pH 3.5 to 5.5, and then decreased at pH 6.5. Results of the.fruit experiment showed that healthy fruits were quite acidic (pH < 3.5), but pH rapidly increased in the inoculated fruits for both cultivars, reaching pH 4.6-5.4 depending on cultivar and fungus isolate. On both cultivars, the stroma developed at a significantly higher pH for M. polystroma than for M. fructigena. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Changes of EPR Spectra of Wood Impregnated with Copper-Based Preservatives during Exposure to Several Wood-Rotting Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Humar ◽  
M. Petrič ◽  
F. Pohleven ◽  
M. Šentjurc ◽  
P. Kalan
Keyword(s):  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Copper Oxalate ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic

SummaryThe tolerance of various fungi against copper was examined. For this purpose, we impregnated Norway spruce (Picea abies) specimens with two different aqueous solutions: copper(II) octanoate with ethanolamine or copper(II) sulfate (cCu= 1.0 × 10−2mol/l). Impregnated and unimpregnated test specimens were then exposed to brown rot fungiAntrodia vaillantiiandGloeophyllum trabeumor to white-rot fungiSchizophyllum communeandTrametes versicolor. After 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks of exposure Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and mass loss measurements were performed. The results indicate thatA. vaillantii, G. trabeumandT. versicolortransform copper(II) sulfate in wood into non-soluble, and therefore non-toxic, copper oxalate. The intensity of this reaction depends on the amount of excreted oxalic acid and was the highest forA. vaillantiiand the lowest forT. versicolor. In the presence of ethanolamine, formation of insoluble copper oxalate was not possible and therefore, decay could not proceed. The major portion of copper remained in the wood and only minor amounts were in some cases translocated into nutrient media.

Durability Evaluation of Wood Based Board Materials against Brown-Rot Fungi Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 923 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Jan Vanerek ◽  
Dagmar Palovcikova ◽  
Ester Helanová
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Wood Rot Fungi ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the experiment was to determine the durability of wood based board materials against wood-rot fungi (Serpula lacrymans) effect. The particle boards, oriented strands boards and plywood as the testing materials were chosen. The spruce solid wood as the reference testing material was selected due to the fact that is most common timber species in the Central European region. The testing samples were exposed to wood-rot fungi and in the individual time periods the weight loss (declaring the deterioration process) and mechanical properties (static bending strength and tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the board) was investigated. It was found that the deterioration of board materials in a very small weight decreases (up to 1.0%) leads to a significant decrease of their strength properties.

scholarly journals Distribution, Characteristics, and Regulatory Potential of Long Noncoding RNAs in Brown-Rot Fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Borgognone ◽  
Walter Sanseverino ◽  
Riccardo Aiese Cigliano ◽  
Raúl Castanera
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Upstream Gene ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Genomic Regions

Long noncoding RNAs have been thoroughly studied in plants, animals, and yeasts, where they play important roles as regulators of transcription. Nevertheless, almost nothing is known about their presence and characteristics in filamentous fungi, especially in basidiomycetes. In the present study, we have carried out an exhaustive annotation and characterization of lncRNAs in two lignin degrader basidiomycetes, Coniophora puteana and Serpula lacrymans. We identified 2,712 putative lncRNAs in the former and 2,242 in the latter, mainly originating from intergenic locations of transposon-sparse genomic regions. The lncRNA length, GC content, expression levels, and stability of the secondary structure differ from coding transcripts but are similar in these two species and resemble that of other eukaryotes. Nevertheless, they lack sequence conservation. Also, we found that lncRNAs are transcriptionally regulated in the same proportion as genes when the fungus actively decomposes soil organic matter. Finally, up to 7% of the upstream gene regions of Coniophora puteana and Serpula lacrymans are transcribed and produce lncRNAs. The study of expression trends in these gene-lncRNA pairs uncovered groups with similar and opposite transcriptional profiles which may be the result of cis-transcriptional regulation.

Influence of carbon source on wood decay-associated gene expression in sequential hyphal zones of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiwamu Umezawa ◽  
Shuji Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Abstract Brown rot fungi show a two-step wood degradation mechanism comprising oxidative radical-based and enzymatic saccharification systems. Recent studies have demonstrated that the brown rot fungus Rhodonia placenta expresses oxidoreductase genes ahead of glycoside hydrolase genes and spatially protects the saccharification enzymes from oxidative damage of the oxidoreductase reactions. This study aimed to assess the generality of the spatial gene regulation of these genes in other brown rot fungi and examine the effects of carbon source on the gene regulation. Gene expression analysis was performed on 14 oxidoreductase and glycoside hydrolase genes in the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, directionally grown on wood, sawdust-agar, and glucose-agar wafers. In G. trabeum, both oxidoreductase and glycoside hydrolase genes were expressed at higher levels in sections behind the wafers. The upregulation of glycoside hydrolase genes was significantly higher in woody substrates than in glucose, whereas the oxidoreductase gene expression was not affected by substrates.

scholarly journals Brown Rot-Type Fungal Decomposition of Sorghum Bagasse: Variable Success and Mechanistic Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald N. Presley ◽  
Bongani K. Ndimba ◽  
Jonathan S. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans

Sweet sorghum is a promising crop for a warming, drying African climate, and basic information is lacking on conversion pathways for its lignocellulosic residues (bagasse). Brown rot wood-decomposer fungi use carbohydrate-selective pathways that, when assessed on sorghum, a grass substrate, can yield information relevant to both plant biomass conversion and fungal biology. In testing sorghum decomposition by brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum,Serpula lacrymans), we found thatG. trabeumreadily degraded sorghum, removing xylan prior to removing glucan.Serpula lacrymans, conversely, caused little decomposition. Ergosterol (fungal biomarker) and protein levels were similar for both fungi, butS. lacrymansproduced nearly 4x lower polysaccharide-degrading enzyme specific activity on sorghum thanG. trabeum, perhaps a symptom of starvation. Linking this information to genome comparisons including other brown rot fungi known to have a similar issue regarding decomposing grasses(Postia placenta, Fomitopsis pinicola)suggested that a lack of CE 1 feruloyl esterases as well as low xylanase activity inS. lacrymans(3x lower than inG. trabeum) may hinderS. lacrymans,P. placenta,andF. pinicolawhen degrading grass substrates. These results indicate variability in brown rot mechanisms, which may stem from a differing ability to degrade certain lignin-carbohydrate complexes.

scholarly journals Evidence from Serpula lacrymans that 2,5-Dimethoxyhydroquinone Is a Lignocellulolytic Agent of Divergent Brown Rot Basidiomycetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 2377-2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premsagar Korripally ◽  
Vitaliy I. Timokhin ◽  
Carl J. Houtman ◽  
Michael D. Mozuch ◽  
Kenneth E. Hammel
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fenton Reagent ◽  
Fenton Chemistry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans

ABSTRACTBasidiomycetes that cause brown rot of wood are essential biomass recyclers in coniferous forest ecosystems and a major cause of failure in wooden structures. Recent work indicates that distinct lineages of brown rot fungi have arisen independently from ligninolytic white rot ancestors via loss of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Brown rot thus proceeds without significant lignin removal, apparently beginning instead with oxidative attack on wood polymers by Fenton reagent produced when fungal hydroquinones or catechols reduce Fe3+in colonized wood. Since there is little evidence that white rot fungi produce these metabolites, one question is the extent to which independent lineages of brown rot fungi may have evolved different Fe3+reductants. Recently, the catechol variegatic acid was proposed to drive Fenton chemistry inSerpula lacrymans, a brown rot member of the Boletales (D. C. Eastwood et al., Science 333:762-765, 2011). We found no variegatic acid in wood undergoing decay byS. lacrymans. We found also that variegatic acid failed to reducein vitrothe Fe3+oxalate chelates that predominate in brown-rotting wood and that it did not drive Fenton chemistryin vitrounder physiological conditions. Instead, the decaying wood contained physiologically significant levels of 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone, a reductant with a demonstrated biodegradative role when wood is attacked by certain brown rot fungi in two other divergent lineages, the Gloeophyllales and Polyporales. Our results suggest that the pathway for 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone biosynthesis may have been present in ancestral white rot basidiomycetes but do not rule out the possibility that it appeared multiple times via convergent evolution.

Effects of calcium-based materials and iron impurities on wood degradation by the brown rot fungus Serpula lacrymans

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Calcium-containing materials have been implicated in promoting wood degradation by Serpula lacrymans, but mechanisms remain unresolved. In this study, S. lacrymans and Serpula himantioides degraded pine sapwood in agar-block microcosms with one of four treatments: calcium-free, 5 mM agar CaCl2, high-purity gypsum (CaSO4), and gypsum amended with 1% FeSO4. Calcium and iron availability were limited in minimal nutrient agar. At week 5, pine degradation was significantly higher for S. lacrymans in iron-amended gypsum treatments than other treatments, and the respective agar oxalate levels were also higher. Oxalate solubility was lowest in pure calcium microcosms. Scanning electron microscopy showed hyphae in contact with gypsum and precipitation of calcium oxalate. At week 15, wood degradation by S. lacrymans was severe (>60%) in both calcium-free and iron-amended treatments, but was significantly less in pure calcium treatments (≈45%). Cation analysis in week 15 wood revealed higher calcium and iron levels in treatments containing those element additions. Serpula himantioides had decayed wood equally among treatments at both harvests. Results demonstrate that calcium has an inhibiting effect – and not a promoting effect as hitherto believed – on wood degradation by S. lacrymans. It appears that oxalate and iron play a role in stimulating wood degradation by this destructive fungus.

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