scholarly journals Game Theory Without Partitions, and Applications to Speculation and Consensus

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Geanakoplos
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Extended Theory ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract Decision theory and game theory are extended to allow for information processing errors. This extended theory is then used to reexamine market speculation and consensus, both when all actions (opinions) are common knowledge and when they may not be. Five axioms of information processing are shown to be especially important to speculation and consensus. They are called nondelusion, knowing that you know (KTYK), nested, balanced, and positively balanced. We show that it is necessary and sufficient that each agent's information processing errors be (1) nondeluded and balanced so that the agents cannot agree to disagree, (2) nondeluded and positively balanced so that it cannot be common knowledge that they are speculating, and (3) nondeluded and KTYK and nested so that agents cannot speculate in equilibrium. Each condition is strictly weaker than the next one, and the last is strictly weaker than partition information.

Book Reviews

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Common Knowledge Of Rationality ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Simon Fraser University

Arthur J. Robson of Simon Fraser University reviews “The Bounds of Reason: Game Theory and the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences” by Herbert Gintis. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores how key concepts from the behavioral sciences can complement game theory in providing insights into human behavior. Discusses decision theory and human behavior; game theory--basic concepts; game theory and human behavior; rationalizability and common knowledge of rationality; extensive for….”

scholarly journals Hypergame Theory: A Model for Conflict, Misperception, and Deception

Game Theory ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas S. Kovach ◽  
Alan S. Gibson ◽  
Gary B. Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Intentional Deception ◽  
Broad Overview

When dealing with conflicts, game theory and decision theory can be used to model the interactions of the decision-makers. To date, game theory and decision theory have received considerable modeling focus, while hypergame theory has not. A metagame, known as a hypergame, occurs when one player does not know or fully understand all the strategies of a game. Hypergame theory extends the advantages of game theory by allowing a player to outmaneuver an opponent and obtaining a more preferred outcome with a higher utility. The ability to outmaneuver an opponent occurs in the hypergame because the different views (perception or deception) of opponents are captured in the model, through the incorporation of information unknown to other players (misperception or intentional deception). The hypergame model more accurately provides solutions for complex theoretic modeling of conflicts than those modeled by game theory and excels where perception or information differences exist between players. This paper explores the current research in hypergame theory and presents a broad overview of the historical literature on hypergame theory.

Game Theory and the Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Marlies Ahlert
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Bargaining Problems ◽  
Game Forms ◽  
Classical Game ◽  
Micro Foundations ◽  
Adaptation Model

Classical game theory analyses strategic interactions under extreme idealisations. It assumes cognitively unconstrained players with common knowledge concerning game forms, preferences, and rationality. Such ideal theory is highly relevant for human self-understanding as a rational being or what Selten called ‘rationology’. Yet, ideal theory is highly irrelevant for real actors who are in Selten’s sense boundedly rational. Starting from essential features of real bargaining problems, elements of Selten’s ‘micro-psychological’ and Raiffa’s ‘telescopic’ behavioural bargaining theory are introduced. From this, an outline of a workable rationality approach to bargaining emerges. It suggests relying on telescopic elements from Raiffa’s model to provide general outcome orientation and on insights from Selten’s aspiration adaptation model of individual decision making to develop process-sensitive action advice. A bird’s eye view of a prominent recent case of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the courts’ shows a surprisingly good fit of outcomes with the implications of Raiffa’s telescopic approach while remaining compatible with a Seltenian process. Though due to a lack of specific information because the micro-foundations for the telescopic theory cannot be provided, it is at least clear how further case studies and experiments might be put to work here.

The Application of Game Theory to Thermoeconomics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Layton
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Entropy Generation Rate ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
The Social

Last year, we proposed a relationship between physical entropy, S and abstract, yet quantifiable information, I, where entropy has units of J K−1 and information has units of bits (Layton, 2010). Therein, we proposed the relation ΔS = αI, where ΔS = Smax – Smin, with Smax representing the maximum entropy generation rate of a given system, Smin representing the reduction of internal entropy of the system for a given cycle or process, and I representing the information required to perform the cycle or process. The newly introduced coefficient, α with units of J K−1 b−1 was introduced to relate a system’s ability to partition entropy via its inherent information processing capabilities (Turing, 1948). Herein we further develop this equation in an engineering context and explore the social implications of energy conservation through a lens of game theory, concluding that “sustainable” practices, rather than extending the horizon when we will consume the last of the exhaustible fuels, actually have no effect on the point in time at which fossil fuels become exhausted.

scholarly journals A two-level computer vision-based information processing method for improving the performance of human–machine interaction-aided applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Alfarraj ◽  
Amr Tolba
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
Fully Connected

Abstract The computer vision (CV) paradigm is introduced to improve the computational and processing system efficiencies through visual inputs. These visual inputs are processed using sophisticated techniques for improving the reliability of human–machine interactions (HMIs). The processing of visual inputs requires multi-level data computations for achieving application-specific reliability. Therefore, in this paper, a two-level visual information processing (2LVIP) method is introduced to meet the reliability requirements of HMI applications. The 2LVIP method is used for handling both structured and unstructured data through classification learning to extract the maximum gain from the inputs. The introduced method identifies the gain-related features on its first level and optimizes the features to improve information gain. In the second level, the error is reduced through a regression process to stabilize the precision to meet the HMI application demands. The two levels are interoperable and fully connected to achieve better gain and precision through the reduction in information processing errors. The analysis results show that the proposed method achieves 9.42% higher information gain and a 6.51% smaller error under different classification instances compared with conventional methods.

scholarly journals Curves in Grassmann varieties

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigli Papantonopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Normal Bundle ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
Grassmann Variety ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The following question was the main motivation of this paper : which are the necessary and sufficient conditions for a non-singular subvariety of a Grassmann variety to have an ample normal bundle. Knowing that a non-singular subvariety of a Grassmann variety has an ample normal bundle we can apply on it several well-known theorems.

scholarly journals Game Theory: An approach through history and its applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
W. A. V. Souza ◽  
M. C. Malavazi
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Arbitrary Decision

Game Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of decision making between individuals when each outcome depends on the decisions of others, ie, one should not make an arbitrary decision, but decide based on what they think the decision of their "opponent" will be, knowing that they think the same. Developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in 1944 in the book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, it had been very contested since its launch, but the works of a genius named John Nash, winner of the Nobel Prize in economics in 1994, ended these contestations. This work shows that the Game Theory was not limited to the field of economics, but expanded to other areas, such as biology, explaining strategies used by species to survive. As results are presented more than ten models based on the principles of Game Theory, among them the Prisoner's Dilemma, Ice Cream Vendors Game, Clean City Law and Warning Song between Bird.

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