scholarly journals Problematyka władzy międzynarodowej

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Czesław Maj
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Domestic Relations ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
International Power ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One of the fundamental categories of general sociology concerns power. Regardless of differences in interpretation, power can be defined as the dependence between subordinator and subordinated. This relation is unidirectional. When discussing influence, this property is significant, as otherwise it could be reciprocal, or an influence could be exerted by many other entities that are not bound by the relationship of subordination. The nature of international relations is too specific to allow a simple transfer of power-related phenomena from the realm of domestic relations. One can indicate the presence of delegated power, resulting from the mutual assignment of subordination rights to international decision- making bodies. The processes of international power are divided into procedures of hard power, soft power and smart power, the latter signifying the manifestation of effective power, making use of the mechanisms of the former two. It is also important to take into account the specificity of the legitimization of international power and manifestations of accountability. Also not without significance is the capacity for the implementation of international power, equipped with the relevant enforcement instruments.

scholarly journals Sharp power – introduction to the issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 325-340
Author(s):  
Łukasz Skoneczny ◽  
Bogusław Cacko
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
State Power ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Characteristic

The aim of the article is an attempt to define the sharp power strategy, present characteristic ways of its employment and propose methods of minimizing its negative consequences for the security of the Republic of Poland. The analysis of the issues related to the types of state power (soft power, hard power, smart power) is followed by a coherent definition of sharp power formulated by the authors of the publication. The consecutive section of the article describes examples of methods of implementing the aforementioned strategy of influencing participants of international relations. Finally, the authors presented proposals for institutional and legal solutions, which are to counteract potential sharp power moves aimed at undermining the security and international position of the Republic of Poland.

Unia Europejska w świecie: soft power, hard power czy może smart power?

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Sławomir Niedźwiecki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Eu

The main purpose of the article is to ask whether the European Union is a smart power actor. Most of the previous research has treated the EU as a soft power. This work is an analysis of the tools which the European Union uses in its foreign policy. Research has been conducted in the context of types of powers, which have been formulated by Joseph Nye: hard power, soft power and smart power. It was necessary to survey what instruments does the European Union use to have impact on other participants of international relations. Nowadays, a range of these tools is relatively developed, taking into account that the EU is an international organisation. In the conclusion, it is stated that the contemporary European Union should be treated as a soft power, but simultaneously it is an actor which attempts to become a smart power, and has relevant predispositions to it.

The library as soft-power actor: A review

IFLA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 034003522110541
Author(s):  
Emilia C Bell ◽  
Mary Anne Kennan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Search Approach ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This narrative review pursues an understanding of the relationship of libraries to the concepts of soft power and public and cultural diplomacy. The cross-disciplinary nature of the study required that the search approach include literature from both the International Relations and Library and Information Science disciplines. The analysed literature reveals three key gaps. First, research explicitly addressing the topic of ‘libraries and soft power’ is scarce. Second, the little Library and Information Science literature that addresses libraries and soft power rarely considers contemporary discourse. Third, the literature often has an implicit liberal institutionalist perspective, overlooking negative or hegemonic aspects of soft power. Given that soft power is considered increasingly relevant for representing national interests, understanding libraries’ roles and impact in international relations is significant and warrants further research.

scholarly journals Sharp power – wprowadzenie do problematyki

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 102-119
Author(s):  
Łukasz Skoneczny ◽  
Bogusław Cacko
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
State Power ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Characteristic

Sharp power – introduction to the issue The aim of the article is an attempt to define the sharp power strategy, present characteristic ways of its employment and propose methods of minimizing its negative consequences for the security of the Republic of Poland. The analysis of the issues related to the types of state power (soft power, hard power, smart power) is followed by a coherent definition of sharp power formulated by the authors of the publication. The consecutive section of the article describes examples of methods of implementing the aforementioned strategy of influencing participants of international relations. Finally, the authors presented proposals for institutional and legal solutions, which are to counteract potential sharp power moves aimed at undermining the security and international position of the Republic of Poland. Celem artykułu jest próba zdefiniowania strategii sharp power, przedstawienie charakterystycznych sposobów jej zastosowania oraz zaproponowanie metod minimalizowania jej negatywnych skutków dla bezpieczeństwa Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. Po przeanalizowaniu problematyki związanej z rodzajami potęgi państwa (soft power, hard power, smart power) autorzy publikacji sformułowali koherentną definicję sharp power. W dalszej części artykułu opisano przykładowe metody realizacji wspomnianej strategii oddziaływania na uczestników stosunków międzynarodowych. Na koniec autorzy przedstawili propozycje rozwiązań instytucjonalno-prawnych, których zadaniem jest przeciwdziałanie potencjalnym posunięciom z zakresu sharp power ukierunkowanym na zachwianie bezpieczeństwem i pozycją międzynarodową RP.

The Gallic Singularity and the Royal Mistress

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Christine Adams
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Marie Antoinette ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Realm

The relationship of the French king and royal mistress, complementary but unequal, embodied the Gallic singularity; the royal mistress exercised a civilizing manner and the soft power of women on the king’s behalf. However, both her contemporaries and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians were uncomfortable with the mistress’s political power. Furthermore, paradoxical attitudes about French womanhood have led to analyses of her role that are often contradictory. Royal mistresses have simultaneously been celebrated for their civilizing effect in the realm of culture, chided for their frivolous expenditures on clothing and jewelry, and excoriated for their dangerous meddling in politics. Their increasing visibility in the political realm by the eighteenth century led many to blame Louis XV’s mistresses—along with Queen Marie-Antoinette, who exercised a similar influence over her husband, Louis XVI—for the degradation and eventual fall of the monarchy. This article reexamines the historiography of the royal mistress.

scholarly journals Autonomous weapons systems and changing norms in international relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvild Bode ◽  
Hendrik Huelss
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Autonomous Weapons ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Constructivist Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Norm Emergence ◽  
Weapons Systems

AbstractAutonomous weapons systems (AWS) are emerging as key technologies of future warfare. So far, academic debate concentrates on the legal-ethical implications of AWS but these do not capture how AWS may shape norms through defining diverging standards of appropriateness in practice. In discussing AWS, the article formulates two critiques on constructivist models of norm emergence: first, constructivist approaches privilege the deliberative over the practical emergence of norms; and second, they overemphasise fundamental norms rather than also accounting for procedural norms, which we introduce in this article. Elaborating on these critiques allows us to respond to a significant gap in research: we examine how standards of procedural appropriateness emerging in the development and usage of AWS often contradict fundamental norms and public legitimacy expectations. Normative content may therefore be shaped procedurally, challenging conventional understandings of how norms are constructed and considered as relevant in International Relations. In this, we outline the contours of a research programme on the relationship of norms and AWS, arguing that AWS can have fundamental normative consequences by setting novel standards of appropriate action in international security policy.

scholarly journals The Urbanization of International Law and International Relations: The Rising Soft Power of Cities in Global Governance

2020 ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Chrystie Swiney
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
World Order ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Global Law

This article examines the rising influence of cities in global governance and on international law, despite the existing international legal and political framework, which is designed to exclude them. It explores the various strategies and tools utilized by city leaders to leapfrog over their national counterparts in order to autonomously access the international policymaking and law-making world. These include (1) coalescing together to form large networks, which engage in city or “glocal” diplomacy; (2) allying with well-connected and well-resourced international organizations; (3) gaining inclusion in UN multilateral agendas; (4) mirroring state-based coalitions and their high-profile events; (5) harnessing the language of international law (especially international human rights and environmental law) to advance agendas at odds with their national counterparts; and (6) adopting resolutions, declarations, and voluntarily self-policed commitments––what I refer to as “global law.” The paper argues that the existing concepts and frameworks that we use to explain the international political and legal world order––concepts that inhere in international legal literature and in international relations theory––are ill-equipped to conceptualize the changing status of cities, as well as other sub-national actors, in global politics. The article concludes by offering a new framework, with new concepts and updated verbiage, for understanding the changing relationship of cities to both international law and international relations, a framework I refer to as the “Urbanization of Global Relations.”

scholarly journals Education and science as a soft power tool in Slovakia and V4 countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-148
Author(s):  
Peter Čajka
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
High Level ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
The Relationship

Already in the Middle Ages, in times of the first universities, education was an important source of knowledge and social status. Nowadays, education, together with its quality and level of teaching, is used as a means of pursuing national interests abroad, as well as influencing local elites, and sometimes even a larger population. High level and good quality of education is one of factors contributing to the relationship between states. The role of education as regards international prestige and the position of individual states has risen in recent years chiefly due to major changes in the global economy and a corresponding shift of values, values which have become important for the modernization of societies. Thus, education has become increasingly important, especially due to the growing significance of knowledge in the globalized world. Education has become an increasingly important factor in international relations and it translates into the soft power of a state.

Soft Power, Hard Power, and Smart Power

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Douglas P. Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power

scholarly journals Politics of the Living Dead: Race and Exceptionalism in the Apocalypse

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Fishel ◽  
Lauren Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Bare Life ◽  
The Walking Dead ◽  
Living Dead ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The zombie, as a Western pop culture icon, has taken up residence in International Relations. Used both humorously and as a serious teaching tool, many scholars and professors of IR have written of the zombie as a useful figure for teaching IR theory in an engaging manner, and have used zombie outbreaks to analyse the responses of the international community during catastrophe, invasion, and natural disasters. The authors of this article would like to unearth another aspect of the zombie that is often left unsaid or forgotten: namely, that the body of the zombie, as a historical phenomenon and cultural icon, is deeply imbricated in the racialisation of political subjects and fear of the Other. Through a critical analysis of biopower and race, and in particular Weheliye’s concept of habeas viscus, we suggest that the figure of the zombie can be read as a racialised figure that can provide the means for rethinking the relationship of the discipline of IR to the concept of race. We read The Walking Dead as a zombie narrative that could provide a critical basis for rethinking the concepts of bare life and the exception to consider ‘living on’ in apocalyptic times.

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