scholarly journals A Document on the Economic Status of the Lutsk Karaites in the Mid-19th century

2014 ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Anna Sulimowicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Status

Women in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Wilson ◽  
Sitinga Kachipande
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

The status, rights, and roles of women in Malawi have been in constant flux since at the least the mid-19th century. In the pre-colonial period, principles of matriliny organized social structures within many communities in Malawi, affording women rights to land, property, products of labor, and children, and influence in group decision-making. The mid-19th century ushered in a period of disturbances and social transformations that led to changes in economic, political, religious, and familial practices. Changes in key institutions impacted women’s access to land and their influence in governance. Women in Malawi were excluded from new commercial and political opportunities as long-distance commerce increased in the region. Increasing commodification of people endangered women within intensified trade and military conflict. Patterns of increasing exclusion and endangerment of women continued beyond the mid-19th century after the slave trade was challenged. In the period immediately preceding colonial rule and also during the colonial period, women actively sought to maintain rights and influence through their involvement in Christian institutions, their appeal to courts, public protests, and through their subversive expression in songs, stories, and possession cults. In post-colonial Malawi, women did not gain the freedom that they had struggled for during the anti-colonial movements. Kamuzu Banda marginalized women from access to power and decision-making. He maintained a paternalistic approach to women’s issues which included controlling every aspect of their lives. The constitution adopted in 1994 with democratic reforms laid a strong foundation for women achieving rights and improving their socio-economic status. However, women still faced obstacles in fully realizing their rights and continued to be marginalized by Banda’s successors. Women’s participation in leadership was limited to showing support for the president. The election of Joyce Banda as the first female president did little to improve the status of women. Backlash against her ascendance to the position eroded women’s access to decision-making posts in the government. In the first two decades of the 21st century, the government of Malawi responded to pressures from women’s rights advocates to legislate against gender-based violence and child marriage. However, there has been little evidence of sustained and coordinated women’s movements and activism aimed at improving women’s socio-economic status. Much of the work women do to improve their position and that of their families and communities takes place on a small scale or involves cooperation with precariously funded nongovernmental organizations and community-based organizations.

scholarly journals Politics and Literature English Literary Work as a Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marouan Blaiha
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Politics And Literature ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper tries to tackle the political aspects in literature during the 19th century, and to reveal the political tendency in the literary work, which means shedding lights on the effect of the environments and the political atmospheres during the 19th century in shaping the aesthetic work. On the other hand, the paper takes a specific literary work during this era and reveals its relation with the political events. In addition, we expostulate the strong relation-ship between the socio-economic status of the writer and literature. Meanwhile, the paper relies on the systematic analysis of the political scientist David Histon in explaining the issue in question. We are going to reveal this tendency in the second chapter.

scholarly journals Ormianie polscy w Besarabii

Lehahayer ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 99-147
Author(s):  
Jakub Ber
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Deep Crisis

Polish Armenians in BessarabiaPolish Armenians used to settle in Bessarabia since the early years of Russian rule in this province (after 1812). Initially their activities focused on the lease of land, rearing cattle and its export to Austria. In the second half of the 19th century the wealthiest representatives of these people (families such as Antoniewicz, Demianowicz, Negrusz, Ohanowicz, Szymonowicz) managed to accumulate considerable capital, owing to which they managed to purchase and acquire ownership of great estates in northern Bessarabia. The circumstances of their rise in economic status were a source of controversy and they were strictly associated with the problem of the estates of foreign religious orders. The peak of the influence of Polish Armenians in Bessarabia was associated with the final two decades of Russian rule in that province i.e. the turn of the 20th century. In this context, the figure of Antoni Demianowicz was crucial. He was a deputy during all four terms of the Russian State Duma and one of the principal Bessarabian politicians of this period. The outbreak of the Russian revolution put an end to the “golden age” of the Polish Armenians in Bessarabia, whose fate was sealed by the Romanian agricultural reform of 1920 and the deep crisis which struck this province in the inter-war period.

scholarly journals The gender problem in the 19th century summary

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Nazifa Ashrafli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Gender Boundaries ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article addresses the gender issue of the 19th century. XIX century in England. This century is generally considered Victorian, although this is not quite the correct idea. The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. So Queen Victoria began her reign only in 1837. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), it was the novel that became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important role in this growth in the popularity of both authors and readers. Circulating libraries that allowed books to be borrowed for annual subscriptions were another factor in the novel's popularity. The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of the social novel. It was a lot of things response to rapid industrialization, as well as social, political, and economic challenges associated with it and was a means of commenting on the abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor who did not profit from the English economy. Stories about the working-class poor were aimed at the middle class to help create sympathy and foster change. The greatness of the novelists of this period is not only in their veracity description of modern life, but also in their deep humanism. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart and expressed their hopes for a better future. At the end of the eighteenth century, two young poets, W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge, published a volume of poems called "Lyric ballads". From this moment began the period of romanticism in England, although it did not last long, only three decades, but it was truly bright and memorable for English literature. It was this time that gave us many great novels. Even in the Middle ages, clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn and stereotypes of gender behavior were defined. Everyone was assigned their own specific roles and their violation caused public hatred. A Victorian married woman was her husband's "chattel"; she had no right property and personal wealth; legal recourse in any question, if it was not confirmed by her husband. Socio-economic changes in the middle of the XIX century lead to changes in the status of women middle and lower strata: gaining material independence and sustainable development socio-economic status, women acquire a social status equal to that of men. Women are beginning to fight against double standards in relation to the sexes, for reforms in the field of property rights, divorce, for ability to work. The next step was to raise the issue of women's voting rights as a means to ensure legislative reform. Women they sought independence from men.

The socio-demographic and clinical profiles of patients admitted to the Sligo District Lunatic Asylum in the late 19th century with some modern comparisons

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
D. Walsh ◽  
A. Daly
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Lunatic Asylum ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Admission Process ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Profiles

PurposeThe purpose of this paper has been to identify and describe the demographic, social and clinical characteristics of persons admitted to an Irish district lunatic asylum in the late 19th century as exemplified by the records of the Sligo District Lunatic Asylum. Some 21st century comparisons and epidemiological considerations from the same catchment area have been attempted.MethodThe register entries and case books of a series of consecutive admissions to Sligo District Asylum during the decade 1892–1901 were surveyed in the Irish National Archive.ConclusionsMost admitted patients were of lower socio-economic status, the majority male, poorly literate, unmarried and described as suffering from mania or melancholia. Most were first admissions. The predominant (62.5%) reason given for admission was for assault or threat of assault. These admissions were by order of the Lord Lieutenant as ‘dangerous lunatics’. Although it may be maintained that this admission process was a device of social convenience to maintain the peace and integrity of local communities and the convenience of families, clinical information indicates that the majority of admissions had symptoms of mental disorder recognisable in terms of 21st century psychiatric diagnostics.

Genesis of U.S. Colorism and Skin Tone Stratification: Slavery, Freedom, and Mulatto-Black Occupational Inequality in the Late 19th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Reece
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Black People ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
The 19Th Century

Studies show lighter skinned Black people are advantaged on a number of social indicators—a phenomenon called “colorism.” These studies generally contend preferences for light-skinned and/or Mulatto slaves endured the postbellum period to shape social outcomes into today. Following this idea, other studies examine differences in social outcomes between Mulattos and Blacks in the 19th century, but few empirically connect antebellum life to postbellum Mulatto–Black stratification. With that in mind, I examine whether the socio-economic differences between Mulattos and Blacks varied across geographic space in proportion to places’ reliance on slave labor and the characteristics of its free African American population. This allows me to examine whether differences in economic status between Mulattos and Blacks are a result of Mulatto advantage in the form of privileged positions during slavery. My results reveal that Mulattos have higher occupational statuses relative to Blacks in places where slavery was more prominent and where free Mulattos were literate. This suggests the intraracial hierarchy established during slavery was more likely to be replicated in places where slavery was more important, and Mulattos were able to capitalize on freedom by leveraging their literacy into better economic statuses after emancipation. These results support the idea that skin color stratification was initiated at least in part by practices during chattel slavery and offers some plausible mechanisms for its transmission.

Oral Language Behavior of Older Cerebral Palsied Children

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Love
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Hearing Acuity

A battery of six tests assessing various aspects of receptive and expressive oral language was administered to 27 cerebral palsied children and controls matched on the variables of age, intelligence, sex, race, hearing acuity, socio-economic status, and similarity of educational background. Results indicated only minimal differences between groups. Signs of deviancy in language behavior often attributed to the cerebral palsied were not observed. Although previous investigators have suggested consistent language disturbances in the cerebral palsied, evidence for a disorder of comprehension and formulation of oral symobls was not found.

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